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%%Title: (Spec merged)
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%%CreationDate: (12:54 PM Thursday, July 6, 1995)
%%For: (Delugach)
%%Pages: 37
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%%Copyright: Copyright 1990-1993 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
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%%Copyright: Copyright 1990-1993 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
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%%Copyright: Copyright 1990-1993 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
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%%Copyright: Copyright 1990-1993 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
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%%Copyright: Copyright 1990-1993 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
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-.12(Among all the phases of software development, requirements are particularly difficult to)A
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-.089(perform a knowledge-based analysis of the requirements in combination, a single knowledge)A
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-.083(semantic networks, that provides a general representation. Four common requirements)A
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-.091(notations are shown to be expressible using conceptual graphs; with algorithms and examples)A
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.043(provided.)A
endp
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-.127(Specifying Multiple-Viewed Software Requirements With Conceptual Graphs)A
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2.094 .209(ABOUT THE AUTHOR)J
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-.071(Dr. Harry S. Delugach is an Assistant Professor in the Computer Science Department,)A
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-.093(University of Alabama in Huntsville. He held an appointment as a Visiting Assistant Professor)A
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-.131(in Mathematical Sciences at Memphis State University. He was a programmer in the College)A
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-.082(of Business at the University of Tennessee, where he also was the chief technical consultant)A
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-.054(managing U.S. Census data for the Tennessee State Planning Office. He was a computing)A
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-.154(analyst for the Department of Energy implementing a distributed materials management system)A
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-.059(in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. He holds degrees from Carleton College \(Northfield, Minnesota\),)A
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-.077(the University of Tennessee and received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University)A
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-.068(of Virginia in 1991. His research interests include software engineering, software)A
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-.08(requirements, logic programming, knowledge representation, and computer science education.)A
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-.11(He was inducted into the national engineering honor society Tau Beta Pi \(VA A\) in 1987, and)A
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-.126(is a member of the ACM and the IEEE Computer Society.)A
endp
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3(1.)A
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-.12(Among all the phases of software development, requirements are particularly difficult to)A
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-.043(Methodology\325s \(SREM\) RSL [2] [3], SADT [4] [5], CORE diagrams [6], RML [7], entity-)A
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-.077(to suit the purposes of requirements development, two obstacles restrict their usefulness: \(1\))A
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-.123(currently-used methods \321 both in an economic and a cognitive sense \321 that they are reluctant)A
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-.078(Recently multiple-viewed approaches have been proposed, such as Software Through)A
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-.107(which limits the amount of semantic information that can be used for analysis.)A
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-.098(This paper presents a general framework for capturing knowledge in several requirements)A
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-.101(Appendix gives detailed algorithms for each of the four translations.)A
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3(2.)A
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2.838 .284(REPRESENTING REQUIREMENTS KNOWLEDGE)J
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-.105(This paper is part of an ongoing effort to accommodate multiple views of requirements so)A
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-.062(otherwise be visible. To do this, we must first develop a formal framework in which we can)A
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-.108(capture several different requirements languages.)A
endp
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-.087(way translations are necessary if we are to present requirements in any view desired. Adding a)A
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-.07(one for each of the existing languages. Such a framework discourages the inclusion of new)A
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-.106(The second reason for using a common internal representation is that analysis can be)A
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-.067(languages. Although we do not describe the analysis here, in future work we will explore)A
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-.108(analysis techniques that operate on the internal representations. Of course, it is crucial that we)A
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2.952 .295(Conceptual Graphs)J
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-.088(Since requirements originate with human beings, it is reasonable to base our framework)A
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-.049(approaches are based on requirements\325 cognitive aspects [7], [13]. This paper proposes using)A
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-.065(the representation of conceptual graphs [14], an extension of semantic networks [15], as a)A
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-.129(indication \(\322)A
f3_12 sf
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f0_12 sf
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f0_12 sf
-.131(. This point is)A
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-.098(discussed further at the end of Algorithm 1a in the Appendix.)A
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f1_12 sf
2.908 .291(Example Entity-Relationship Diagram)J
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f0_12 sf
-.093(Consider the entity-relation diagram in Figure 4. This diagram was produced by the)A
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-.065(customer, who is responsible for the overall patient-monitoring system.)A
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-.066(Transforming Figure 4 results in the specification graph shown in Figure 5. Note that)A
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f0_12 sf
(, )S
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(, and )S
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(alert)S
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-.064(attribute)A
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f0_12 sf
-.131(The cardinality of the entities' referents are derived from the cardinality implied by the)A
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-.101( implies a)A
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f0_12 sf
-.085( for its enclosing context.)A
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-.099(analyst must decide which direction is appropriate. The direction of a newly-created relation's)A
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f0_10 sf
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f0_12 sf
-.13(page 8)A
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-.085(arrow is thus arbitrary, unless there are already-existing definitions \(canonical graphs\))A
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-.092(specifying its direction. For an ER relation that is not in the canon, the direction of the arrow)A
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-.121(will reflect the dependency underlying the relationship. We therefore acknowledge that for)A
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-.114(some representations in this particular notation, the internal representation is less abstract than)A
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3(4.)A
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1.808 .181(DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS)J
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f0_12 sf
-.089(This section illustrates the process of obtaining an R-Spec-Graph from a data flow)A
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-.084(diagram. A data flow diagram \(DFD\) consists of bubbles representing processes connected by)A
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-.081(labeled arrows denoting the flow of data between the bubbles. In order to represent data flow)A
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-.063(diagrams using conceptual graphs, we use actors, as described in [14]. An )A
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-.065( represents a)A
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-.066(its private algorithm. Its arcs are classified as either input or output arcs, shown by dashed)A
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.068(lines.)A
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-.111(Our translation rules are summarized as follows:)A
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(\245)S
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-.091(A data flow process )A
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-.136(P)A
f0_12 sf
-.092( becomes a conceptual graph actor )A
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-.136(
)A
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(.)S
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(\245)S
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-.073( to )A
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-.139(B)A
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-.085( with label )A
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-.06( linked to actor )A
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-.1()A
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-.065( and from actor )A
f3_12 sf
-.1()A
f0_12 sf
(.)S
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-.064(Additional rules handle sources and sinks.)A
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f1_12 sf
2.106 .211(Example Data Flow Diagram)J
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-.079(Consider the data flow diagram in Figure 6\(a\). This diagram was produced by a data base)A
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-.092(designer, who is responsible for determining the data base requirements of the patient)A
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-.074(monitoring system. Transforming Figure 6\(a\) results in the specification graph of Figure 6\(b\):)A
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-.11(The originating specification shows some fundamental limitations of data flow semantics,)A
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-.014(e.g., the )A
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f0_12 sf
-.13(page 9)A
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-.076(ranges, a somewhat different interpretation than our common sense would lead us to make. In)A
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-.076(future work, we want to show how other specifications can actually augment this one so that)A
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-.044(the role of the )A
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-.05( is portrayed more accurately.)A
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-.083(conceptual graph actor, which models a process. Since actors occur in translating other)A
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-.046(notations \(e.g., R-nets in \2446\), it would seem that the notion of a process is fundamental to)A
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-.09(modeling cognitive information. Without actors, many desired properties of real-world things)A
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-.091(could not otherwise be expressed using conceptual graphs. Creating an an actor via translation)A
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-.113(must be followed eventually by supplying an additional private algorithm describing how the)A
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-.087(actor alters its output concepts based on its input concepts.)A
204 337 :M
f1_12 sf
3(5.)A
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2.728 .273(STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAMS)J
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f0_12 sf
-.097(This section illustrates the process of obtaining an R-Spec-Graph from a state transition)A
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-.106(diagram. We take the definition of state transition diagrams \(STD\) based on input tokens as)A
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-.099(described in [24]. We will translate state transition diagrams into conceptual graphs by using)A
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-.089(instances of the concept )A
f3_12 sf
-.146(STATE)A
f0_12 sf
-.089( to represent each state, a demon to represent each transition,)A
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-.083(and instances of )A
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-.087( to represent each input and output token. The demon\325s semantics are)A
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-.103(described in [25]; they are somewhat similar to a Petri net place [26].)A
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-.086(Since a demon denotes the creation of new concepts, and the retraction of existing ones,)A
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-.115(this representation of a state transition diagram is made simple. Only one state exists at any one)A
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-.089(time, because enabling the demon )A
f3_12 sf
-.093(<< transition >>)A
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-.083( causes the old state \(and the input\) to be)A
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-.069( )A
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-.137(<< T >>)A
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-.105(, thus creating the start state before any transitions occur. Our)A
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-.092(translation rules are as follows:)A
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-.013(\245 A state )A
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(S)S
f0_12 sf
-.015( becomes a conceptual graph concept )A
f3_12 sf
-.014([S\312])A
f0_12 sf
(.)S
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f3_12 sf
-.063(S < STATE)A
f0_12 sf
-.045( is added to the type hierarchy.)A
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-.025(\245 An input or output token )A
f2_12 sf
(J )S
f0_12 sf
-.026(becomes a conceptual graph concept )A
f3_12 sf
-.024([\312J\312].)A
endp
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f3_12 sf
.102 .01(J\312< DATA)J
f0_12 sf
.052 .005( is added to the type hierarchy.)J
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f2_12 sf
-.137(S)A
f0_12 sf
-.108( is denoted by attaching the monadic relation )A
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-.098(\(final\))A
f0_12 sf
-.124( as:)A
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f3_12 sf
-.021(\(final\) \321> [ S ].)A
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f0_12 sf
-.089(\245 A transition from state )A
f2_12 sf
-.118(S)A
f0_12 sf
-.092( with input event )A
f2_12 sf
-.105(J)A
f0_12 sf
-.079( to state )A
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-.131(T)A
f0_12 sf
-.093( with output event )A
f2_12 sf
-.157(K)A
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-.116( becomes a)A
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1.024 .102(demon with links to )J
f3_12 sf
.27([T\312])A
f0_12 sf
.581 .058( and )J
f3_12 sf
.266([\312K\312])A
f0_12 sf
1.024 .102(, and with links from)J
f3_12 sf
.886 .089( [\312S\312)J
f0_12 sf
.654 .065(] and )J
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.282([\312J\312].)A
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f0_12 sf
-.119(and)A
f3_12 sf
-.13( T < STATE)A
f0_12 sf
-.098( are included in the type hierarchy.)A
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f1_12 sf
2.192 .219(Example State Transition Diagram)J
117 260 :M
f0_12 sf
-.076(Consider the state transition diagram of Figure 7. This diagram was produced by an)A
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-.092(enduser \(a doctor or nurse\) who is interested in the actions of the patient-monitoring system)A
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-.053(during its operation. States are indicated by ovals; transitions are shown as )A
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-.063(input-event /)A
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-.058(output-event)A
f0_12 sf
-.051( \(with \322\321\323 denoting a null event\). Transforming Figure 7 results in the)A
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-.062(specification graph of Figure 8.)A
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f1_12 sf
.889(Discussion)A
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f0_12 sf
-.126(The effective translation of a state transition diagram is made possible by the semantics of)A
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-.062(the demon, which we introduced in [20] and discussed further in [25]. Since a state transition)A
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-.089(diagram expresses a set of dynamically changing )A
f3_12 sf
-.133(STATEs)A
f0_12 sf
-.085(, its true semantics cannot be)A
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-.078(captured by an actor. The demon's semantics are appropriate for state transition diagrams. The)A
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(loopback arc from )S
f3_12 sf
(STATE)S
f0_12 sf
( )S
f3_12 sf
(nominal readings)S
f0_12 sf
( is represented by a )S
f3_12 sf
(<< transition >> )S
f0_12 sf
(demon)S
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-.104(that re-creates its input state. Figure 8 effectively \322eats\323 its input data tokens \(whose origin is)A
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-.058(not specified\), and over time produces a series of output tokens \(whose disposition is not)A
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-.1(specified\). The output tokens accumulate \(remain in existence\), since they do not serve as input)A
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(to any demons.)S
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-.129(If state transition diagrams were extended to accommodate multiple concurrent states,)A
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-.118(these algorithms can be adapted with only minor modifications, to represent multiple start)A
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-.083(states, and multiple concurrent transitions. There is no restriction on the number of demons)A
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-.1(active at any one time, so many transitions may take place simultaneously. Likewise, there is)A
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-.107(no restriction on the number of concepts that may exist at any time, so many different states)A
endp
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f0_10 sf
-.074(Multiple Viewed Software Requirements)A
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f0_12 sf
-.109(page 11)A
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-.085(\(and their output tokens\) may exist simultaneously. Thus conceptual graphs with demons are)A
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-.109(an adaptable representation for systems that change state.)A
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-.143(A more accurate \(and more complex\) transformation would better capture the notion that)A
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-.104(the arrival of an input token is an event. This would allow us to model generalized state)A
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-.114(transition diagrams where a state transition is triggered by some arbitrary event instead of the)A
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-.095(particular event of an input token arriving. The diagram Figure 8 is somewhat suggestive in)A
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-.03(that regard, since certain data \322tokens\323 \(e.g., )A
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-.054(READINGS_OFF_NORMAL)A
f0_12 sf
-.035(\) suggest an)A
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-.127(implied event.)A
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f1_12 sf
3(6.)A
210 289 :M
2.769 .277(REQUIREMENTS NETWORKS \(SREM\))J
117 313 :M
f0_12 sf
-.092(This section illustrates the process of obtaining an R-Spec-Graph from a SREM R-net)A
90 337 :M
-.109([2]. This translation scheme makes use of a component-for-component equivalence table in)A
90 361 :M
-.073(Figure 9 which shows R-net components and their corresponding structures in conceptual)A
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.169(graphs.)A
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-.093(This translation relies on properties of first-order logic that are explained in [14]. In)A
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-.088(particular, a logical )A
f3_12 sf
-.182(OR)A
f0_12 sf
-.096( relation is represented through an application of deMorgan\325s law; i.e.,)A
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f2_12 sf
(P)S
f0_12 sf
( )S
f7_14 sf
(\332)S
f0_12 sf
( )S
f2_12 sf
(Q)S
f0_12 sf
.022 .002( = \302\( \302 )J
f2_12 sf
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.043 .004(\). This is because a logical )J
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.025(AND)A
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.046 .005( relation is easier to express in)J
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-.113(conceptual graphs \321 the appearance of two graphs in a shared context is equivalent to their)A
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-.043( )A
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-.12(\332)A
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-.043( )A
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-.065(. This is)A
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-.078(the origin of the several negated contexts in Figure 9 and Figure 10\(b\).)A
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-.164(The selector )A
1 G
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178 550 -1 1 191 549 1 178 549 @a
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( )S
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-.087(needs some explanation. It must represent knowledge about several)A
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-.12([ITEM])A
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-.142(\),)A
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-.064(while placing individual selector instances \(e.g., )A
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-.076([ITEM: a])A
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-.095(contexts. Each individual instance of a selector value is connected to the generic concept \(e.g.,)A
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-.02([ITEM:\312a])A
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-.02([ITEM:\312b])A
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-.018(; they are not)A
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-.109(page 12)A
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-.085( is 1, however, only one of the individuals)A
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-.106(\(values\) can exist at any one time.)A
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2.991 .299(Example Requirements Network)J
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-.076(Consider the requirements network \(R-net\) diagram in Figure 10\(a\) taken from [2]. This)A
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.889(Discussion)A
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-.093(The nested contexts in Figure 10\(b\) may interfere with understanding, particularly for a)A
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-.08(assumptions can augment the knowledge represented by a participant\325s R-Spec-Graph.)A
270 478 :M
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3(7.)A
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.504(SUMMARY)A
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-.093(We showed how to translate several different notations into conceptual graphs. The)A
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-.061(supplied, followed by further automatic analysis.)A
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2.771 .277(APPENDIX: TRANSLATION SCHEMES)J
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-.099(This appendix gives detailed algorithms showing how we translate requirements)A
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-.151(. One algorithm translates the)A
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-.176(compilation algorithm)A
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-.172( \(the \322a\323 algorithms)A
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-.13(an )A
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-.135(extraction algorithm)A
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.715 .071(work [19].)J
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-.037(, its resulting conceptual graph representation is referred to as )A
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([)S
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.272(LANG)A
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.671 .067( X R-Spec-Graph ])J
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-.083(In the following translation algorithms, whenever a concept is added to a graph, the)A
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-.139(algorithm will specify that the added concept will be joined with a line of identity to any)A
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3.339 .334(Entity-Relationship Translation Scheme)J
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-.113(An entity-relationship diagram is a bipartite, non-directed graph where every node is)A
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-.11(into conceptual graph relations, where the relation\325s dependency is either obtained from pre-)A
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-.094(existing relation definitions or supplied by the analyst.)A
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.38 .038(Algorithm 1a)J
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.235 .023( provides a translation from )J
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.08(U)A
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.345 .034(Algorithm 1b)J
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.083 .008(m [ )J
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.087(LANG)A
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.163 .016( era)J
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-.1(R-Spec-Graph: )A
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-.131(U)A
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-.067(])A
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-.093(. Therefore all information in )A
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-.056([)A
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0 1 rm
-.078(_)A
0 -1 rm
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-.056( )A
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-.142(LANG)A
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-.094( era R-Spec )A
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0 1 rm
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-.103( must be contained in)A
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.024 .002(A compilation algorithm for translating the entity-relationship diagram )J
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1.164 .116(is the following:)J
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-.086(Let )A
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-.05([)A
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0 1 rm
-.07(_)A
0 -1 rm
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-.05( )A
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-.128(LANG)A
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-.085( era R-Spec )A
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0 1 rm
-.07(_)A
0 -1 rm
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-.05(])A
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-.086( be a non-directed bipartite graph whose vertices are a set of)A
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-.159(C)A
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-.086(, and a set of relations )A
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-.12(E)A
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-.087(, each member having a many-to-many-ness label)A
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3.307 .331(Begin Algorithm 1a.)J
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-.278(Let )A
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-.278(u )A
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-.251( = { }.)A
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-.022(Each node and edge in )A
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0 1 rm
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-.022( era R-Spec )A
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0 1 rm
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0 -1 rm
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-.02( is initially unmarked.)A
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-.013(While)A
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($)S
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(r)S
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( )S
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(\316)S
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( )S
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(R)S
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-.01( such that )A
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(r )S
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-.011(is not marked )A
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-.006(Put \322\(r\)\323 in )A
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(u.)S
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(;)S
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-.067( translates relations)A
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-.337(Mark )A
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-.412(r.)A
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-.038(Look for canonical definition of )A
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-.028(r )A
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-.037( \(if any\) to determine direction of links.)A
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.05(If)A
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.26 .026( there are any attributes associated with )J
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.054(r)A
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.041 .004( )J
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.432 .043(then begin)J
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-.048(Link \322)A
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-.072(\256 )A
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-.043([ Attrset: )A
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-.036(r )A
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-.039(]\323 to \(r\) in )A
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-.065(u)A
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(.)S
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-.064(\(rel\) )A
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-.07( \(attribute\) )A
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-.19(\256)A
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-.093( [T])A
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-.055(For)A
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-.042( each attribute )A
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-.056(a)A
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-.043( such that )A
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-.043( is associated with )A
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-.055( [)A
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-.111(a)A
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0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
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0 2 rm
( )S
0 -2 rm
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-.07(]\323 to [ Attrset: )A
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-.061(r )A
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-.064(] in )A
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(u)S
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(;)S
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3.2 .32(end for)J
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2.893 .289(end if)J
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.053(C)A
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( )S
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-.055(c)A
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0 2 rm
(i)S
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0 2 rm
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-.157( )A
f3_9 sf
-.17(* )A
f3_10 sf
-.306(} @)A
f6_10 sf
-.471(m)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.113(i)A
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.141( )A
0 -2 rm
-.141( )A
f3_10 sf
-.157(] )A
f3_12 sf
-.207(} )A
f3_10 sf
-.365( @)A
f6_10 sf
-.471(m)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.198(k )A
0 -2 rm
f3_12 sf
-.188(])A
f3_10 sf
-.224(\323 around \(r\) in )A
f6_10 sf
-.471(u.)A
396 197 :M
f9_10 sf
-.066(;)A
f6_9 sf
-.06( )A
f3_9 sf
-.071(\(r\))A
f9_10 sf
-.11( is already there)A
396 208 :M
-.084(; see discussion in text below.)A
148 219 :M
f4_10 sf
(If)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(k)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
( is already marked )S
f4_10 sf
(then)S
157 231 :M
f3_10 sf
-.022(Join this occurrence of [)A
f6_10 sf
(c)S
0 2 rm
(k)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
0 2 rm
( )S
0 -2 rm
-.023(] to previous occurrence with same referent )A
f8_10 sf
(\()S
f9_10 sf
-.021(see text)A
f8_10 sf
(\))S
f3_10 sf
(.)S
148 243 :M
f4_10 sf
4.265 .426(else begin)J
161 254 :M
f3_10 sf
-.216(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
-.216(c)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(k)S
0 -2 rm
161 266 :M
f3_10 sf
-.045(Put)A
0 2 rm
-.028( \322)A
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(k)S
0 -2 rm
( )S
f3_9 sf
-.031( < )A
f3_10 sf
-.041(ENTITY.\323 into )A
f6_10 sf
-.05(u)A
f3_10 sf
(.)S
161 278 :M
f4_10 sf
-.028(For)A
f3_10 sf
-.022( each attribute )A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f9_9 sf
0 2 rm
(kj)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.022( such that )A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f9_9 sf
0 2 rm
(kj)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
-.023(is associated with )A
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(k)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.037(loop)A
179 290 :M
f3_10 sf
-.059(Link \322)A
f7_10 sf
-.143(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.054( \(attribute\) )A
f7_10 sf
-.143(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.04( [)A
f6_10 sf
-.081(a)A
f9_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.057(kj)A
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
0 2 rm
( )S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.048(]\323 to )A
f6_10 sf
-.073(c)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.065(k)A
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
-.051(in )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
349 290 :M
f8_10 sf
(;)S
f9_10 sf
-.004( translate related entity\325s attributes)A
179 302 :M
f3_10 sf
-.028(Put \322)A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f9_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.026(kj)A
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
-.021( < )A
f3_10 sf
-.033(ATTRIBUTE.\323 into )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
f3_10 sf
(.)S
161 314 :M
f4_10 sf
.721(end)A
f3_10 sf
.307 .031( )J
f4_10 sf
.81(for)A
148 325 :M
2.893 .289(end if)J
134 336 :M
1.181(else)A
148 347 :M
f3_10 sf
-.215(Link \322)A
f7_10 sf
-.52(\254)A
f3_10 sf
-.146( [ )A
f6_10 sf
-.264(c)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.119(i )A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.203(: { * } @)A
f6_10 sf
-.439(m)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.119(i )A
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.132( )A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.176(]\323 to \()A
f6_10 sf
-.175(r)A
f3_10 sf
-.176(\) in )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
397 347 :M
f8_10 sf
(;)S
f9_10 sf
-.056( translate related entities)A
134 359 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
215 370 :M
f3_10 sf
-.143(Special case: if all )A
f6_10 sf
-.303(m)A
0 2 rm
-.081(i)A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.141( = 1, then link \322)A
f7_10 sf
-.359(\254)A
f3_10 sf
-.101( [)A
f6_10 sf
-.182(c)A
0 2 rm
-.081(i)A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
0 2 rm
-.101( )A
0 -2 rm
-.121(]\323 to \(r\) in )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
233 382 :M
f3_10 sf
-.143(because [ T : { * } @1] is equivalent to [ T: * ])A
134 393 :M
f4_10 sf
(If)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.016( is already marked )A
f4_10 sf
-.025(then)A
148 405 :M
f3_10 sf
-.04(Join this occurrence of [)A
f6_10 sf
(c)S
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
0 2 rm
( )S
0 -2 rm
-.041(] to a previous occurrence with same referent )A
f8_10 sf
(\()S
f9_10 sf
-.038(see text)A
f8_10 sf
-.057(\).)A
134 417 :M
f4_10 sf
4.265 .426(else begin)J
148 428 :M
f3_10 sf
-.311(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
-.311(c)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
148 440 :M
f3_10 sf
-.068(Put)A
0 2 rm
-.042( \322)A
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
-.068(c)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
( )S
f3_9 sf
-.047( < )A
f3_10 sf
-.062(ENTITY.\323 into )A
f6_10 sf
-.076(u)A
f3_10 sf
(.)S
148 452 :M
f4_10 sf
-.039(For)A
f3_10 sf
-.03( each attribute )A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f9_9 sf
0 2 rm
(ij)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.03( such that )A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f9_9 sf
0 2 rm
(ij)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
-.031(is associated with )A
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.051(loop)A
161 464 :M
f3_10 sf
-.087(Link \322)A
f7_10 sf
-.212(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.08( \(attribute\) )A
f7_10 sf
-.212(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.06( [)A
f6_10 sf
-.119(a)A
f9_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.062(ij)A
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.054( )A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.071(]\323 to )A
f6_10 sf
-.107(c)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
-.06( )A
f3_10 sf
-.075(in )A
f9_10 sf
(u)S
349 464 :M
f8_10 sf
(;)S
f9_10 sf
-.004( translate related entity\325s attributes)A
161 476 :M
f3_10 sf
-.029(Put \322)A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f9_9 sf
0 2 rm
(ij)S
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
-.022( < )A
f3_10 sf
-.033(ATTRIBUTE.\323 into )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
f3_10 sf
(.)S
148 488 :M
f4_10 sf
.721(end)A
f3_10 sf
.307 .031( )J
f4_10 sf
.81(for)A
134 499 :M
2.893 .289(end if)J
121 510 :M
3.2 .32(end for)J
108 521 :M
3.58 .358(end while)J
108 547 :M
(While)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
($)S
f6_10 sf
(c )S
f7_12 sf
(\316)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(C)S
f3_10 sf
( such that )S
f6_10 sf
(c )S
f3_10 sf
.01 .001( is not marked )J
f4_10 sf
(loop)S
121 560 :M
f3_10 sf
-.014(Put \322[ )A
f6_10 sf
(c )S
f3_10 sf
-.012(]\323 in )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
f3_10 sf
(.)S
371 560 :M
f8_10 sf
(;)S
f9_10 sf
-.005( translate any unrelated entity)A
121 571 :M
f3_10 sf
-.27(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
-.42(c.)A
121 582 :M
f3_10 sf
-.08(Put \322)A
f6_10 sf
-.073(c )A
f3_9 sf
-.073(< )A
f3_10 sf
-.083( ENTITY.\323 into )A
f6_10 sf
-.105(u)A
f3_10 sf
(.)S
121 593 :M
f4_10 sf
-.047(For)A
f3_10 sf
-.036( each attribute )A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.037( such that )A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.037( is associated with )A
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.062(loop)A
134 605 :M
f3_10 sf
-.081(Link \322)A
f7_10 sf
-.196(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.074( \(attribute\) )A
f7_10 sf
-.196(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.055( [)A
f6_10 sf
-.11(a)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
0 2 rm
( )S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.066(]\323 to )A
f6_10 sf
-.099(c)A
f3_10 sf
-.066( in )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
404 605 :M
f8_10 sf
(; )S
f9_10 sf
.161 .016(translate its attributes)J
134 617 :M
f3_10 sf
-.05(Put \322)A
f6_10 sf
-.065(a)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
-.029( )A
f3_9 sf
-.04( < )A
f3_10 sf
-.058(ATTRIBUTE.\323 into )A
f6_10 sf
-.065(u)A
f3_10 sf
(.)S
121 629 :M
f4_10 sf
3.731 .373(end loop)J
108 640 :M
3.58 .358(end while)J
108 662 :M
3.212 .321(end Algorithm 1a.)J
endp
%%Page: 19 19
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initializepage
(Delugach; page: 19 of 37)setjob
%%EndPageSetup
-31 -31 :T
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
90 45 :M
f0_10 sf
-.074(Multiple Viewed Software Requirements)A
516 45 :M
f0_12 sf
-.109(page 17)A
117 81 :M
-.113(Although this algorithm will preserve a relation\325s attributes, we have not yet developed)A
90 105 :M
-.118(any techniques for manipulating them further; our analysis will be based on entities\325 attributes)A
90 129 :M
.167(only.)A
117 153 :M
-.087(The handling of many-to-many-ness in Algorithm 1a was introduced in \2443 of the paper.)A
90 177 :M
-.075(Consider the ER diagram in Figure 3\(a\). Using Algorithm 1a as given above, we obtain the)A
90 201 :M
-.088(graph in Figure 3\(b\). It is clear that concept A is a set of cardinality 1, and concept C is a set of)A
90 225 :M
-.072(cardinality )A
f2_12 sf
-.128(N)A
f0_12 sf
-.078(, but what about concept B? Looking from left to right, B should become a set of)A
90 249 :M
-.081(cardinality )A
f2_12 sf
-.144(N)A
f0_12 sf
-.081(, but from right to left, it should become a set of cardinality)A
f3_12 sf
-.09( 1)A
f0_12 sf
-.089(. When this situation)A
90 273 :M
-.077(occurs, the solution is to select the entity E related to B whose many-to-many-ness is not one,)A
90 297 :M
-.1(then enclose B, E, and all its relations within a set referent in a context box. The entire context)A
90 321 :M
-.106(box then becomes a single \322entity\323 for further translations. In the example)A
1 G
90 325 123 22 rC
92 330 14 15 rF
0 G
92.5 330.5 13 14 rS
120 334 :M
122.665 331.328 124 330 124 330 :C
124 330 125.331 331.328 128 334 :C
130.665 336.662 132 338 132 338 :C
132 338 130.665 339.328 128 342 :C
125.331 344.661 124 346 124 346 :C
124 346 122.665 344.661 120 342 :C
117.331 339.328 116 338 116 338 :C
116 338 117.331 336.662 120 334 :C
:K
stroke
1 G
144 330 15 15 rF
0 G
144.5 330.5 14 14 rS
105 339 -1 1 117 338 1 105 338 @a
132 339 -1 1 145 338 1 132 338 @a
104 326 12 11 rC
gS
.799 .786 scale
138.221 422.096 :T
-138.221 -422.096 :T
135.221 425.096 :M
.165 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(1)S
gR
gR
gS 132 327 11 11 rC
gS
.799 .786 scale
170.523 421.096 :T
-170.523 -421.096 :T
166.523 425.096 :M
.003 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(M)S
gR
gR
gS 94 332 10 11 rC
gS
.799 .786 scale
123.197 429.732 :T
-123.197 -429.732 :T
120.197 432.732 :M
f3_12 sf
(A)S
gR
gR
gS 146 332 10 11 rC
gS
.799 .786 scale
188.303 429.732 :T
-188.303 -429.732 :T
185.303 432.732 :M
f3_12 sf
(B)S
gR
gR
gS 118 333 10 11 rC
gS
.799 .786 scale
153.246 430.005 :T
-153.246 -430.005 :T
150.246 434.005 :M
.165 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(d)S
gR
gR
gS 90 325 123 22 rC
173 334 :M
175.664 331.328 177 330 177 330 :C
177 330 178.331 331.328 181 334 :C
183.664 336.662 185 338 185 338 :C
185 338 183.664 339.328 181 342 :C
178.331 344.661 177 346 177 346 :C
177 346 175.664 344.661 173 342 :C
170.331 339.328 169 338 169 338 :C
169 338 170.331 336.662 173 334 :C
:K
stroke
1 G
197 330 15 15 rF
0 G
197.5 330.5 14 14 rS
159 339 -1 1 170 338 1 159 338 @a
185 339 -1 1 198 338 1 185 338 @a
158 326 12 11 rC
gS
.799 .786 scale
204.58 422.096 :T
-204.58 -422.096 :T
201.58 425.096 :M
.165 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(1)S
gR
gR
gS 185 327 11 11 rC
gS
.799 .786 scale
238.133 421.096 :T
-238.133 -421.096 :T
234.133 425.096 :M
.168 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(N)S
gR
gR
gS 199 332 11 11 rC
gS
.799 .786 scale
255.662 429.732 :T
-255.662 -429.732 :T
251.662 432.732 :M
.168 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(C)S
gR
gR
gS 171 332 10 11 rC
gS
.799 .786 scale
219.857 429.732 :T
-219.857 -429.732 :T
217.857 432.732 :M
.165 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(e)S
gR
gR
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
213 345 :M
f0_12 sf
-.072(, we translate the )A
1 G
296 325 70 22 rC
298 330 14 15 rF
0 G
298.5 330.5 13 14 rS
299 332 11 11 rC
gS
.795 .786 scale
382.664 429.732 :T
-382.664 -429.732 :T
379.664 432.732 :M
f3_12 sf
(B)S
gR
gR
gS 296 325 70 22 rC
326 334 :M
328.662 331.328 330 330 330 330 :C
330 330 331.328 331.328 334 334 :C
336.662 336.662 338 338 338 338 :C
338 338 336.662 339.328 334 342 :C
331.328 344.661 330 346 330 346 :C
330 346 328.662 344.661 326 342 :C
323.328 339.328 322 338 322 338 :C
322 338 323.328 336.662 326 334 :C
:K
stroke
1 G
351 330 14 15 rF
0 G
351.5 330.5 13 14 rS
312 339 -1 1 323 338 1 312 338 @a
338 339 -1 1 352 338 1 338 338 @a
311 326 12 11 rC
gS
.795 .786 scale
397.75 422.096 :T
-397.75 -422.096 :T
394.75 425.096 :M
.165 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(1)S
gR
gR
gS 338 327 11 11 rC
gS
.795 .786 scale
432.693 421.096 :T
-432.693 -421.096 :T
428.693 425.096 :M
.168 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(N)S
gR
gR
gS 352 332 11 11 rC
gS
.795 .786 scale
449.036 429.732 :T
-449.036 -429.732 :T
445.036 432.732 :M
.168 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(C)S
gR
gR
gS 325 333 9 11 rC
gS
.795 .786 scale
413.093 430.005 :T
-413.093 -430.005 :T
411.093 434.005 :M
.165 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(e)S
gR
gR
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
366 345 :M
f0_12 sf
-.082( portion into the graph of Figure)A
90 369 :M
-.072(3\(c\), so the example diagram is translated into Figure 3\(d\).)A
117 393 :M
-.163(We may omit the cardinality indicator \(\322@M\323\) when it represents an indeterminate)A
90 417 :M
-.148(cardinality as in )A
f3_12 sf
-.13([ T: { * } ])A
f0_12 sf
(.)S
117 441 :M
f4_10 sf
.247 .025(Algorithm 1b)J
f0_12 sf
.153 .015( shows how the original ER R-Spec can be obtained from its)J
90 465 :M
-.108(corresponding conceptual graph representation. The reader may wish to look at the example in)A
90 489 :M
.339 .034(\2443 in the paper before examining )J
f4_10 sf
.546 .055(Algorithm 1b)J
f0_12 sf
(.)S
90 525 :M
f1_12 sf
2.468 .247(Extraction Algorithm 1b)J
117 549 :M
f0_12 sf
.24 .024(The following extraction algorithm translates )J
f3_10 sf
.029([\312)A
f4_10 sf
.074(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.325 .033(\312era\312R-Spec-Graph: )J
f6_10 sf
.058(u)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f3_12 sf
(])S
f0_12 sf
.108 .011( to)J
90 573 :M
f3_10 sf
.165([)A
0 1 rm
.331(_)A
0 -1 rm
.165(\312)A
f4_10 sf
.422(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.278(\312era\312R-Spec\312)A
0 1 rm
.331(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_12 sf
.199(])A
f0_12 sf
1.056 .106(. The graph)J
f0_10 sf
.135 .014( )J
f3_10 sf
.165([\312)A
f4_10 sf
.422(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
1.855 .186(\312era\312R-Spec-Graph )J
f3_12 sf
.199(])A
f0_12 sf
.995 .099( consists of three finite sets:)J
90 597 :M
f2_12 sf
-.134(C)A
f0_12 sf
-.07(, the set of all its concepts; )A
f2_12 sf
-.122(R)A
f0_12 sf
-.07(, the set of all its relations; and )A
f2_12 sf
-.122(E)A
f0_12 sf
-.074(, the set of its directed links. A)A
90 621 :M
.213 .021(link contains the identity of its two ends. Any actors or demons in )J
f3_10 sf
.037([\312)A
f4_10 sf
.094(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.425 .042(\312era\312R-Spec-Graph ])J
90 645 :M
f0_12 sf
-.027(are ignored.)A
endp
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-31 -31 :T
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
90 45 :M
f0_10 sf
-.074(Multiple Viewed Software Requirements)A
516 45 :M
f0_12 sf
-.109(page 18)A
108 81 :M
f4_10 sf
3.425 .343(Begin Algorithm 1b.)J
108 92 :M
f3_10 sf
.131 .013(Let R-Spec be blank.)J
108 103 :M
-.066(Each concept, relation and link in )A
f6_10 sf
-.086(u)A
f3_10 sf
-.065( is initially unmarked.)A
108 129 :M
f4_10 sf
(While)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
($)S
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
(\316)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(C)S
f3_10 sf
( such that )S
f6_10 sf
(c )S
f3_10 sf
.012 .001(is not marked )J
f4_10 sf
(loop)S
121 142 :M
.041(If)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
.067(c)A
f3_10 sf
.21 .021( has no incoming link from relation \(attribute\) )J
f4_10 sf
.071(then)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
.09(begin)A
134 153 :M
f3_10 sf
.203 .02(Put \322entity )J
f6_10 sf
.068(c)A
f3_10 sf
(\323)S
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
.335 .033(in R-Spec.)J
428 153 :M
f9_10 sf
-.145(; entities preserved.)A
134 164 :M
f3_10 sf
-.02(Mark concept )A
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_9 sf
(.)S
134 179 :M
f4_10 sf
.117 .012(For each )J
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
.065(\316)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
.055(C)A
f3_10 sf
.075 .007( such that \322)J
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
.078 .008(\256 )J
f3_10 sf
.158 .016(\(attribute\) )J
f7_10 sf
.075(\256)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
0 2 rm
( )S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.053 .005(\323 is in )J
f6_10 sf
(u)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
.054(loop)A
148 192 :M
f3_10 sf
-.013(Put \322attribute )A
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.012(\323 with entity )A
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
-.016( in R-Spec.)A
380 192 :M
f9_10 sf
-.05(; entity\325s attributes preserved.)A
148 204 :M
f3_10 sf
-.304(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
-.304(c)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.122(i)A
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.152( )A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
(.)S
148 216 :M
-.097(Mark \(attribute\).)A
148 227 :M
-.057(Mark both links to \(attribute\) relation.)A
134 238 :M
f4_10 sf
3.731 .373(end loop)J
121 249 :M
2.893 .289(end if)J
108 260 :M
3.731 .373(end loop)J
108 286 :M
-.038(For)A
f3_10 sf
-.032( each )A
f6_10 sf
(r)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
-.061(\316)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
-.036(R )A
f3_10 sf
-.031(such that )A
f6_10 sf
(r)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.027( is not \(attribute\) )A
f4_10 sf
-.05(loop)A
378 286 :M
f9_10 sf
-.065(; attributes already preserved.)A
121 299 :M
f3_10 sf
.052 .005(Put \322relation )J
f6_10 sf
(r)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i )S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.057 .006(\323 into R-Spec.)J
421 299 :M
f9_10 sf
-.148(; relations preserved.)A
121 311 :M
f3_10 sf
-.317(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
-.211(r)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.126(i)A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
(.)S
121 327 :M
f4_10 sf
-.073(for each )A
f6_10 sf
-.079(c)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
-.135(\316)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
-.114(C)A
f3_10 sf
-.061( such that link \322)A
f6_10 sf
-.079(c)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
-.098(\256 )A
f3_10 sf
-.048(\( )A
f6_10 sf
-.052(r)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
-.056(\)\323 or \322c )A
f7_10 sf
-.156(\254)A
f3_10 sf
-.047( \( )A
f6_10 sf
-.052(r)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.051( \)\323 is in )A
f6_10 sf
-.088(u)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.111(loop)A
134 340 :M
.426 .043(if )J
f6_10 sf
.404 .04(c )J
f3_10 sf
.593 .059(= [ Attrset ] )J
f4_10 sf
1.658 .166(then begin)J
148 355 :M
(for each )S
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
(\316)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(C)S
f3_10 sf
( such that \322)S
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
(\256 )S
f3_10 sf
(\(attribute\) )S
f7_10 sf
(\256)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
0 2 rm
( )S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
(\323 is in )S
f6_10 sf
(u)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
(loop)S
161 369 :M
f3_10 sf
-.037(Put \322attribute )A
f6_10 sf
-.052(a)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.036(\323 with entity )A
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
-.044( in R-Spec)A
f3_12 sf
(.)S
371 369 :M
f9_10 sf
-.077(; relation\325s attributes preserved.)A
161 381 :M
f3_10 sf
-.329(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
-.366(a)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.132(i)A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
(.)S
377 381 :M
f9_10 sf
-.069(; \(see kludge in Algorithm 1a\).)A
161 393 :M
f3_10 sf
-.084(Mark relation \(attribute\).)A
161 404 :M
-.057(Mark both links to \(attribute\) relation.)A
148 415 :M
f4_10 sf
3.731 .373(end loop)J
134 426 :M
4.265 .426(else begin)J
314 426 :M
f8_10 sf
(; )S
f9_10 sf
-.038(normal connections from relation to entity.)A
148 437 :M
f3_10 sf
-.055(Connect )A
f6_10 sf
-.053(era)A
f3_10 sf
-.042( relation )A
f6_10 sf
(r)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.041( to entity )A
f6_10 sf
-.055(c)A
f3_10 sf
-.055( in R-Spec.)A
148 453 :M
f4_10 sf
.07(if)A
f3_10 sf
.058 .006( )J
f6_10 sf
.115(c)A
f3_10 sf
.058 .006( )J
f7_12 sf
.196(\316)A
f3_10 sf
.058 .006( )J
f6_10 sf
.166(C)A
f3_10 sf
.291 .029( is within a nested context in )J
f6_10 sf
.128(u)A
f3_10 sf
.058 .006( )J
f4_10 sf
.611 .061(then begin)J
161 466 :M
f3_10 sf
(Let )S
f6_10 sf
(k)S
f3_10 sf
.036 .004( be the cardinality of the context.)J
372 466 :M
f9_10 sf
-.11(; many-to-many-ness preserved.)A
161 477 :M
f3_10 sf
-.091(Put \322many-to-many-ness = )A
f6_10 sf
-.094(k)A
f3_10 sf
-.069(\323 with link )A
f6_10 sf
-.062(r)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
-.047( )A
f3_10 sf
-.07(to )A
f6_10 sf
-.073(c )A
f3_10 sf
-.097(in R-Spec.)A
148 489 :M
f4_10 sf
1.181(else)A
161 500 :M
f3_10 sf
-.076(Put \322many-to-many-ness = 1\323 with link )A
f6_10 sf
-.056(r)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_9 sf
-.042( )A
f3_10 sf
-.063(to )A
f6_10 sf
-.066(c )A
f3_10 sf
-.088(in R-Spec.)A
148 512 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
134 523 :M
2.893 .289(end if)J
121 534 :M
3.731 .373(end loop)J
108 545 :M
3.731 .373(end loop)J
108 567 :M
3.337 .334(end Algorithm 1b.)J
117 590 :M
f0_12 sf
-.108(This concludes the translation scheme for entity-relationship diagrams.)A
90 624 :M
f1_12 sf
2.579 .258(Data Flow Translation Scheme)J
117 648 :M
f0_12 sf
-.072(In this section, we use data flow diagrams based on the Yourdon/de Marco variant [27],)A
90 672 :M
-.036([28]. In order to represent data flow diagrams using conceptual graphs, we use actors, as)A
90 696 :M
-.118(explained in \2444 above. An )A
f2_12 sf
-.12(actor)A
f0_12 sf
-.114( represents a data flow process that is allowed to change the)A
endp
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-31 -31 :T
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
90 45 :M
f0_10 sf
-.074(Multiple Viewed Software Requirements)A
516 45 :M
f0_12 sf
-.109(page 19)A
90 81 :M
-.065(referents of its outputs, using steps known as its )A
f2_12 sf
-.07(private algorithm)A
f0_12 sf
-.063(. Its arcs are classified as)A
90 105 :M
-.047(either )A
f2_12 sf
-.053(input)A
f0_12 sf
-.043( or )A
f2_12 sf
-.053(output arcs)A
f0_12 sf
-.055(, shown by dashed lines.)A
117 129 :M
f4_10 sf
.594 .059(Algorithm 2a)J
f0_12 sf
.367 .037( provides a translation from )J
f3_10 sf
.059([)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.083(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
.054 .005( )J
f4_10 sf
.152(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.283 .028( dfd R-Spec )J
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.083(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_12 sf
.071(])A
f0_12 sf
.203 .02( to)J
f0_10 sf
.078 .008( [ )J
f4_10 sf
.152(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.387 .039( dfd R-Spec-)J
90 153 :M
.444 .044(Graph: )J
f6_9 sf
.147(U)A
f3_10 sf
.105 .01( ])J
f0_12 sf
.113 .011(. )J
f4_10 sf
.634 .063(Algorithm 2b)J
f0_12 sf
.403 .04( provides a translation back to)J
f0_10 sf
.051 .005( )J
f3_10 sf
.063([)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.088(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
.057 .006( )J
f4_10 sf
.16(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.299 .03( dfd R-Spec )J
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.088(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_12 sf
.075(])A
f0_12 sf
.397 .04( from)J
f0_10 sf
.145 .014( [\312)J
f4_10 sf
.16(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.29 .029( dfd)J
90 177 :M
-.067(R-Spec-Graph: )A
f6_9 sf
-.088(U)A
f3_10 sf
-.037( ])A
f0_12 sf
-.063(. Therefore all information in)A
f0_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
([)S
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
-.052(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.095(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
-.062( dfd R-Spec )A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
-.052(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_12 sf
(])S
f0_12 sf
-.066( must be contained in)A
f0_10 sf
-.079( [)A
90 201 :M
f4_10 sf
.032(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.083 .008( dfd R-Spec-Graph: )J
f6_9 sf
(U)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f3_12 sf
(])S
f0_12 sf
(.)S
90 237 :M
f1_12 sf
2.719 .272(Compilation Algorithm 2a)J
117 261 :M
f0_12 sf
.235 .023(A compilation algorithm for translating the data flow diagram )J
f3_10 sf
([)S
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
(_)S
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
(\312)S
f4_10 sf
.084(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.301 .03(\312dfd\312R-Spec )J
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
(_)S
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
(])S
90 285 :M
f0_12 sf
.233(into)A
f0_10 sf
.32 .032( [\312)J
f4_10 sf
.354(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.236(\312dfd\312R-Spec-Graph:\312)A
f6_9 sf
.325(U)A
f3_10 sf
.126 .013( )J
f3_12 sf
.167(])A
f2_12 sf
.136 .014( )J
f0_12 sf
1.093 .109(is the following:)J
117 309 :M
-.076(Let the private referent of )A
f3_10 sf
([)S
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
-.066(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.12(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
-.078( dfd R-Spec )A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
-.066(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
(])S
f0_12 sf
-.084( be a directed connected graph consisting)A
90 333 :M
-.087(of a set of labeled bubbles )A
f2_12 sf
-.139(P)A
f0_12 sf
-.089( representing processes, and a set of labeled directed edges )A
f2_12 sf
(E)S
90 357 :M
f0_12 sf
-.099(representing data flows. An edge connected to only one bubble represents either a data source)A
90 381 :M
-.121(or data sink; it is handled by the algorithm as an incomplete arc. Every edge is connected to at)A
90 405 :M
-.057(least one bubble .)A
117 429 :M
.046 .005(The following algorithm translates )J
f3_10 sf
([)S
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
(_)S
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
.014(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.027 .003( dfd R-Spec )J
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
(_)S
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
(])S
f0_10 sf
( )S
f0_12 sf
(into)S
f0_10 sf
( [ )S
f4_10 sf
.014(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.037 .004( dfd R-Spec-)J
90 453 :M
.019(Graph:)A
f6_9 sf
(U)S
f3_10 sf
(])S
f0_12 sf
(.)S
endp
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-31 -31 :T
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
90 45 :M
f0_10 sf
-.074(Multiple Viewed Software Requirements)A
516 45 :M
f0_12 sf
-.109(page 20)A
108 81 :M
f4_10 sf
3.307 .331(Begin Algorithm 2a.)J
108 92 :M
f3_10 sf
-.081(Let )A
f6_10 sf
-.081(u )A
f3_10 sf
-.086( = { }. Each bubble and edge in SPEC is initially unmarked.)A
108 114 :M
f4_10 sf
.027(While)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
($)S
f6_10 sf
(p)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
(\316)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(P)S
f3_10 sf
.048 .005( such that )J
f6_10 sf
(p )S
f3_10 sf
.073 .007(is not marked )J
f4_10 sf
.036(loop)A
121 125 :M
f3_10 sf
-.008(Put \322< )A
f6_10 sf
(p )S
f3_10 sf
(>\323 in )S
f6_10 sf
(u)S
404 125 :M
f8_10 sf
-.056(; )A
f9_10 sf
-.097(actors preserve bubbles)A
121 140 :M
f4_10 sf
.023(For)A
f3_10 sf
.027 .003( all )J
f6_10 sf
(e)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
.062 .006(such that )J
f6_10 sf
(e)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
(\316 )S
f6_10 sf
(E)S
f3_10 sf
.038 .004( and )J
f6_10 sf
(e)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
.066 .007(is connected to )J
f6_10 sf
(p)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
.03(loop)A
134 153 :M
.147 .015(If )J
f6_10 sf
.12(e)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
.081 .008(i )J
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.267 .027(is a plural noun )J
f4_10 sf
.152(then)A
148 165 :M
.023(Let)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(e)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
( )S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.064 .006(= singular form of )J
f6_10 sf
(e)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
(.)S
148 177 :M
f4_10 sf
-.174(Let)A
f3_10 sf
-.097( )A
f6_10 sf
-.174(c)A
f3_10 sf
-.118( = [ )A
f6_10 sf
-.193(e)A
f3_10 sf
-.118(: { * } ])A
134 188 :M
f4_10 sf
1.181(else)A
148 199 :M
.042(Let)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
.04 .004( = [ )J
f6_10 sf
(e)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i )S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
(])S
134 211 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
134 222 :M
(If)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(e)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
-.022(is directed towards )A
f6_10 sf
(p)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.027(then)A
f3_10 sf
-.018( link \322)A
f7_10 sf
-.051(\254)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
-.019(\323 to < )A
f6_10 sf
(p )S
f3_10 sf
-.02(> in )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
134 234 :M
f4_10 sf
-.027(else)A
f3_10 sf
-.019( link \322)A
f7_10 sf
-.054(\256)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(c )S
f3_10 sf
-.02(\323 to < )A
f6_10 sf
(p )S
f3_10 sf
-.021(> in )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
403 234 :M
f8_10 sf
-.058(; )A
f9_10 sf
-.101(concepts preserves data)A
134 245 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
134 256 :M
.027(if)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(e)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
.106 .011( is marked )J
f4_10 sf
.062(then)A
148 269 :M
f3_10 sf
-.025(Join this occurrence of )A
f3_12 sf
([)S
f6_12 sf
(e)S
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
( )S
f3_12 sf
(])S
f3_10 sf
-.027( to a previous occurrence with same referent)A
f8_10 sf
( \()S
f9_10 sf
-.024(see text)A
f8_10 sf
(\).)S
134 282 :M
f4_10 sf
1.181(else)A
148 293 :M
f3_10 sf
-.238(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
-.265(e)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
148 305 :M
f3_10 sf
.056 .006(Put \322)J
f6_10 sf
(e)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
( )S
f3_9 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
.057 .006(< DATA.\323 into )J
f6_10 sf
(u)S
f3_10 sf
(.)S
134 317 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
121 328 :M
3.731 .373(end loop)J
108 339 :M
3.731 .373(end loop)J
108 361 :M
3.212 .321(end Algorithm 2a.)J
117 384 :M
f0_12 sf
-.115(Since in a well-formed data flow diagram, every edge must be connected to at least one)A
90 407 :M
-.071(process, this algorithm terminates when every )A
f2_12 sf
-.088(p)A
f0_12 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
-.125(\316)A
f0_12 sf
( )S
f2_12 sf
-.107(P)A
f0_12 sf
-.074( has been marked, and therefore every)A
90 432 :M
-.081(edge has been translated.)A
117 456 :M
f4_10 sf
.15 .015(Algorithm 2b)J
f0_12 sf
.097 .01( below shows how the original DFD R-Spec can be obtained from its)J
90 480 :M
-.104(corresponding conceptual graph representation. The reader may wish to look at the example of)A
90 504 :M
.339 .034(\2444 in the paper before examining )J
f4_10 sf
.546 .055(Algorithm 2b)J
f0_12 sf
(.)S
90 540 :M
f1_12 sf
2.468 .247(Extraction Algorithm 2b)J
117 564 :M
f0_12 sf
.393 .039(The following extraction algorithm translates )J
f3_10 sf
.048([\312)A
f4_10 sf
.121(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.528 .053(\312dfd\312R-Spec-Graph ])J
f0_10 sf
( )S
f0_12 sf
.107(into)A
90 588 :M
f3_10 sf
.215([)A
0 1 rm
.43(_)A
0 -1 rm
.215(\312)A
f4_10 sf
.547(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.358(\312dfd\312R-Spec\312)A
0 1 rm
.43(_)A
0 -1 rm
.215(])A
f0_10 sf
.322 .032(. )J
f0_12 sf
1.992 .199(The graph)J
f0_10 sf
.175 .018( )J
f3_10 sf
.215([\312)A
f4_10 sf
.547(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
2.383 .238(\312dfd\312R-Spec-Graph: )J
f6_10 sf
.43(u)A
f6_12 sf
.234 .023( )J
f3_12 sf
.258(])A
f0_12 sf
1.116 .112( consists of three sets: )J
f2_12 sf
.566(A)A
f0_12 sf
(,)S
90 612 :M
-.072(the set of its actors; )A
f2_12 sf
-.126(R)A
f0_12 sf
-.072(, the set of its relations; and )A
f2_12 sf
-.126(E)A
f0_12 sf
-.077(, the set of its directed links. A link includes)A
90 636 :M
.29 .029(the identity of its two ends. Any relations or demons in )J
f3_10 sf
.05([\312)A
f4_10 sf
.128(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.56 .056(\312dfd\312R-Spec-Graph ])J
f3_12 sf
.055 .005( )J
f0_12 sf
.133(are)A
90 660 :M
-.103(ignored. Every concept is connected by either one link or two links to an actor; if connected by)A
90 684 :M
-.054(two links, one must be an incoming link, the other an outgoing link.)A
endp
%%Page: 23 23
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initializepage
(Delugach; page: 23 of 37)setjob
%%EndPageSetup
-31 -31 :T
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
90 45 :M
f0_10 sf
-.074(Multiple Viewed Software Requirements)A
516 45 :M
f0_12 sf
-.109(page 21)A
108 81 :M
f4_10 sf
3.425 .343(Begin Algorithm 2b.)J
108 92 :M
f3_10 sf
.131 .013(Let R-Spec be blank.)J
108 103 :M
-.064(Each concept and relation in )A
f6_10 sf
-.08(u)A
f3_10 sf
-.061( is initially unmarked.)A
108 129 :M
f4_10 sf
.281 .028(for )J
f3_10 sf
.398 .04(each )J
f6_10 sf
.136(a)A
f3_10 sf
.062 .006( )J
f7_12 sf
.209(\316)A
f3_10 sf
.062 .006( )J
f6_10 sf
.163(A)A
f3_10 sf
.062 .006( )J
f4_10 sf
.172(loop)A
121 142 :M
f3_10 sf
.117 .012(Put \322process )J
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f3_10 sf
(\323)S
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
.161 .016(in R-Spec.)J
425 142 :M
f9_10 sf
-.093(; bubbles preserved.)A
121 153 :M
f3_10 sf
-.291(Mark actor )A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
108 164 :M
f4_10 sf
3.731 .373(end loop)J
108 179 :M
.282 .028(for )J
f3_10 sf
.4 .04(each )J
f6_10 sf
.159 .016(c )J
f7_12 sf
.21(\316)A
f3_10 sf
.062 .006( )J
f6_10 sf
.177(C)A
f3_10 sf
.062 .006( )J
f4_10 sf
.173(loop)A
121 192 :M
.177 .018(if )J
f6_10 sf
.129(c)A
f3_10 sf
.282 .028( has one link )J
f6_10 sf
.144(e)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
.052(i)A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.356 .036( toward actor )J
f6_10 sf
.144(a)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
.052(i)A
0 -2 rm
f4_10 sf
.459 .046( then begin)J
436 192 :M
f9_10 sf
-.143(; identify sources.)A
134 204 :M
f3_10 sf
.072 .007(Put \322source )J
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
.072 .007(\323 on edge directed towards process )J
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.071 .007( in R-Spec.)J
134 216 :M
-.295(Mark c.)A
435 216 :M
f9_10 sf
-.221(; preserve sources.)A
121 227 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
121 238 :M
.126 .013(if )J
f6_10 sf
.092(c)A
f3_10 sf
.201 .02( has one link )J
f6_10 sf
.102(e)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
.083(k)A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.247 .025( away from actor )J
f6_10 sf
.102(a)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
.083(k)A
0 -2 rm
f4_10 sf
.327 .033( then begin)J
444 238 :M
f9_10 sf
-.071(; identify sinks.)A
134 250 :M
f3_10 sf
.05 .005(Put \322sink )J
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
.057 .006(\323 on edge directed from process )J
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(k)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.06 .006( in R-Spec.)J
134 262 :M
-.295(Mark c.)A
443 262 :M
f9_10 sf
-.159(; preserve sinks.)A
121 273 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
121 284 :M
(if )S
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
-.02( has one link )A
f6_10 sf
(e)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.02( toward actor )A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f4_10 sf
-.027( and)A
148 296 :M
f3_10 sf
.507 .051(one link )J
f6_10 sf
.22(e)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
.178(k)A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.544 .054( toward actor )J
f6_10 sf
.22(a)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
.178(k)A
0 -2 rm
f4_10 sf
.702 .07( then begin)J
385 296 :M
f9_10 sf
-.016(; identify intermediate data.)A
134 308 :M
f3_10 sf
(Put \322)S
f6_10 sf
(c)S
f3_10 sf
-.006(\323 on edge directed from process )A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(k)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.006( towards process )A
f6_10 sf
(a)S
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.007( in R-Spec.)A
134 320 :M
-.295(Mark c.)A
383 320 :M
f9_10 sf
-.125(; preserve intermediate flows.)A
121 331 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
108 342 :M
3.731 .373(end loop)J
108 364 :M
3.337 .334(end Algorithm 2b.)J
117 387 :M
f0_12 sf
-.092(This concludes the translation scheme for data flow diagrams.)A
90 421 :M
f1_12 sf
2.61 .261(State Transition Translation Scheme)J
117 445 :M
f0_12 sf
-.074(We use the standard definition of state transitions based on input symbols [24], although)A
90 469 :M
-.122(we may be able to generalize our definition to include any event as an input symbol or output)A
90 493 :M
-.089(symbol. In the standard definition, each event therefore means the arrival of an input symbol or)A
90 517 :M
-.125(the creation of an output symbol. We will translate state transition diagrams into conceptual)A
90 541 :M
-.076(graphs by using instances of the concept )A
f3_12 sf
-.123(STATE)A
f0_12 sf
-.076( to represent each state, a demon to represent)A
90 565 :M
-.061(each transition, and instances of )A
f3_12 sf
-.107(DATA)A
f0_12 sf
-.064( to represent input and output tokens.)A
117 589 :M
f4_10 sf
.573 .057(Algorithm 3a)J
f0_12 sf
.354 .035( provides a translation from )J
f3_10 sf
.057([)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.08(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
.052 .005( )J
f4_10 sf
.146(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.27 .027( std R-Spec )J
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.08(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
.057(])A
f0_10 sf
.047 .005( )J
f0_12 sf
.096(into)A
f0_10 sf
.075 .007( [ )J
f4_10 sf
.146(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.37 .037( std R-Spec-)J
90 613 :M
.28 .028(Graph: )J
f6_9 sf
.093(U)A
f3_10 sf
.052 .005( ])J
f0_12 sf
.071 .007(. )J
f4_10 sf
.4 .04(Algorithm 3b)J
f0_12 sf
.254 .025( provides a translation back to)J
f0_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
([)S
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.055(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
.101(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.187 .019( std R-Spec )J
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.055(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_12 sf
(])S
f0_12 sf
.25 .025( from)J
f0_10 sf
.052 .005( [ )J
f4_10 sf
.101(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.177 .018( std)J
90 637 :M
-.093(R-Spec-Graph: )A
f6_9 sf
-.121(U)A
f3_10 sf
-.052( )A
f3_12 sf
-.062(])A
f0_12 sf
-.086(. Therefore all information in )A
f3_10 sf
-.052([)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
-.072(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
-.052( )A
f4_10 sf
-.132(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
-.085( std R-Spec )A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
-.072(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_12 sf
-.062(])A
f0_12 sf
-.091( must be contained in)A
f0_10 sf
-.108( [)A
90 661 :M
f4_10 sf
-.017(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
-.011( std R-Spec-Graph: )A
f6_9 sf
(U )S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f3_12 sf
(])S
f0_12 sf
(.)S
117 685 :M
-.145(Let the state transition diagram be denoted by a private referent of the concept)A
90 708 :M
f3_10 sf
.233([)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.326(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
.233(\312)A
f4_10 sf
.594(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.384(\312std\312R-Spec:)A
f0_12 sf
.489 .049( \()J
f2_12 sf
.727(Q)A
f0_12 sf
.252(,\312)A
f7_12 sf
.596(S)A
f0_12 sf
.252(,\312)A
f7_12 sf
.616(D)A
f0_12 sf
.252(,\312)A
f7_12 sf
.497(d)A
f0_12 sf
.252(,\312)A
f2_12 sf
.503(q)A
f2_9 sf
0 2 rm
.377(0)A
0 -2 rm
f0_12 sf
.252(,\312)A
f2_12 sf
.615(F)A
f0_12 sf
.335(\))A
f3_9 sf
.21(\312)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.326(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
.233(])A
f3_12 sf
.365 .036(, )J
f0_12 sf
1.567 .157(where the elements of the 6-tuple are:)J
159 727 :M
f2_12 sf
-.138(Q)A
f0_12 sf
-.069( = finite set of states,)A
endp
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-31 -31 :T
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
90 45 :M
f0_10 sf
-.074(Multiple Viewed Software Requirements)A
516 45 :M
f0_12 sf
-.109(page 22)A
159 85 :M
f7_12 sf
(S)S
f0_12 sf
-.017( = finite set of input tokens,)A
159 103 :M
f7_12 sf
(D)S
f0_12 sf
-.024( = finite set of output tokens,)A
159 121 :M
f7_12 sf
(d)S
f0_12 sf
-.034( = map from )A
f2_12 sf
-.056(Q)A
f0_12 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
(\264)S
f0_12 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
-.047(S \256)A
f0_12 sf
( \()S
f2_12 sf
-.056(Q)A
f0_12 sf
(, )S
f7_12 sf
-.036(D\))A
f0_12 sf
-.029( the state transition function,)A
159 139 :M
f2_12 sf
-.087(q)A
0 2 rm
-.087(0)A
0 -2 rm
f0_12 sf
-.043( )A
f7_12 sf
-.083(\316 )A
f2_12 sf
-.084(Q )A
f0_12 sf
-.066(the start state, and)A
159 157 :M
f2_12 sf
-.157(F)A
f0_12 sf
-.064( )A
f7_12 sf
-.184(\311)A
f0_12 sf
-.064( )A
f2_12 sf
-.186(Q)A
f0_12 sf
-.096( the set of final \(accepting\) states.)A
117 182 :M
-.119(The state transition semantics associated with the definition assumes the following:)A
117 199 :M
-.107(\245 Every time an input token )A
f2_12 sf
-.104(s)A
f0_12 sf
-.1( appears, the state transition function )A
f7_12 sf
-.131(d)A
f0_12 sf
-.111( is examined to find)A
103 217 :M
-.04(some )A
f2_12 sf
-.061(Q)A
f0_12 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
(\264)S
f0_12 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
-.05(S)A
f0_12 sf
-.029( pair \()A
f2_12 sf
(q)S
0 2 rm
-.036(current)A
0 -2 rm
f0_12 sf
(, )S
f2_12 sf
-.031(s\))A
f0_12 sf
-.032( whose result is \()A
f2_12 sf
(q)S
0 2 rm
-.035(next)A
0 -2 rm
f0_12 sf
(, )S
f2_12 sf
(d)S
f0_12 sf
-.031(\). The state )A
f2_12 sf
(q)S
0 2 rm
-.035(next)A
0 -2 rm
f0_12 sf
-.04( becomes the)A
103 236 :M
-.049(current state, and output token )A
f2_12 sf
-.063(d)A
f0_12 sf
-.054( is produced.)A
117 254 :M
-.069(\245 Before any action occurs, state )A
f2_12 sf
-.09(q)A
f2_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.067(0)A
0 -2 rm
f0_12 sf
-.067( is the current state.)A
endp
%%Page: 25 25
%%BeginPageSetup
initializepage
(Delugach; page: 25 of 37)setjob
%%EndPageSetup
-31 -31 :T
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
90 45 :M
f0_10 sf
-.074(Multiple Viewed Software Requirements)A
516 45 :M
f0_12 sf
-.109(page 23)A
90 81 :M
f1_12 sf
2.719 .272(Compilation Algorithm 3a)J
117 105 :M
f0_12 sf
.116 .012(A compilation algorithm for translating the state transition diagram )J
f3_10 sf
([)S
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
(_)S
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
(\312)S
f4_10 sf
.04(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.028(\312std\312R-)A
90 129 :M
.302(Spec\312)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.23(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
.164(])A
f0_10 sf
.134 .013( )J
f0_12 sf
.276(into)A
f0_10 sf
.378 .038( [\312)J
f4_10 sf
.418(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.276(\312std\312R-Spec-Graph:\312)A
f6_9 sf
.443 .044(U )J
f3_10 sf
.149 .015( )J
f3_12 sf
.197(])A
f2_12 sf
.161 .016( )J
f0_12 sf
1.29 .129(is the following:)J
108 152 :M
f4_10 sf
3.307 .331(Begin Algorithm 3a.)J
108 167 :M
f3_10 sf
.283 .028(Let )J
f6_10 sf
.165 .016(u )J
f3_10 sf
.237 .024( = { }. All elements of all sets \()J
f6_10 sf
.185(Q)A
f3_10 sf
.066(,\312)A
f7_12 sf
.169(S)A
f3_10 sf
.066(,\312)A
f7_12 sf
.174(D)A
f3_10 sf
.066(,\312)A
f7_12 sf
.141(d)A
f3_10 sf
.066(,\312)A
f6_10 sf
.132(q)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
.119(0)A
0 -2 rm
f3_12 sf
.079(,\312)A
f3_10 sf
.33 .033(and )J
f6_10 sf
.145(F)A
f3_10 sf
.079(\))A
f3_9 sf
.054 .005( )J
f3_10 sf
.55 .055(are initially unmarked.)J
108 191 :M
f4_10 sf
.075(While)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
.077($)A
f6_10 sf
.097 .01(q )J
f7_12 sf
.12(\316)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
.109(Q)A
f3_10 sf
.132 .013( such that )J
f6_10 sf
.097 .01(q )J
f3_10 sf
.2 .02(is not marked )J
f4_10 sf
.093(begin)A
121 204 :M
f3_10 sf
-.254(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
(q)S
121 215 :M
f3_10 sf
.21 .021(Put \322)J
f6_10 sf
.104 .01(q )J
f3_10 sf
.228 .023(< STATE.\323 into )J
f6_10 sf
.083(u)A
f3_10 sf
(.)S
121 226 :M
f4_10 sf
.138(If)A
f3_10 sf
.114 .011( )J
f6_10 sf
.25(q)A
f3_10 sf
.223 .022( = )J
f6_10 sf
.25(q)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
.225(0)A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.114 .011( )J
f4_10 sf
.317(then)A
134 238 :M
f3_10 sf
.698 .07(Put \322<)J
-100 -100 :M
( )S
161 238 :M
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
166 238 :M
( )S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
167 238 :M
-.363(T >)A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
180 238 :M
(>)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
185 238 :M
( )S
f3_9 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
-.06(\256 )A
f3_10 sf
-.027([ )A
f6_10 sf
-.054(q)A
f3_10 sf
-.033( ]\323 into )A
f6_10 sf
-.054(u)A
f3_10 sf
(.)S
408 238 :M
f8_10 sf
-.074(; )A
f9_10 sf
-.119(preserves initial states)A
121 249 :M
f4_10 sf
1.181(else)A
134 260 :M
f3_10 sf
.122 .012(Put \322[ )J
f6_10 sf
.069(q)A
f3_10 sf
.097 .01( ]\323 into )J
f6_10 sf
.069(u)A
f3_10 sf
(.)S
413 260 :M
f8_10 sf
-.073(; )A
f9_10 sf
-.122(preserves other states)A
121 271 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
108 282 :M
3.58 .358(end while)J
108 304 :M
.091(While)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
.094($)A
f6_10 sf
.111 .011(s )J
f7_12 sf
.147(\316)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
.122(S)A
f3_10 sf
.193 .019( such that )J
f6_10 sf
.111 .011(s )J
f3_10 sf
.245 .024(is not marked )J
f4_10 sf
.114(begin)A
121 317 :M
f3_10 sf
.061 .006(Put \322[ )J
f6_10 sf
(s)S
f3_10 sf
.048 .005( ]\323 into )J
f6_10 sf
.052(u.)A
233 317 :M
f8_10 sf
-.042(; )A
f9_10 sf
-.073(preserve input tokens)A
121 328 :M
f3_10 sf
.099 .01(Put \322)J
f6_10 sf
.046 .005(s )J
f3_10 sf
.101 .01(< DATA.\323 into )J
f6_10 sf
(u)S
f3_10 sf
(.)S
121 339 :M
-.27(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
-.42(s.)A
108 350 :M
f4_10 sf
3.58 .358(end while)J
108 372 :M
.107(While)A
f3_10 sf
.051 .005( )J
f7_10 sf
.111($)A
f6_10 sf
.14 .014(d )J
f7_12 sf
.172(\316)A
f3_10 sf
.051 .005( )J
f7_12 sf
.148(D)A
f3_10 sf
.227 .023( such that )J
f6_10 sf
.14 .014(d )J
f3_10 sf
.287 .029(is not marked )J
f4_10 sf
.134(begin)A
121 385 :M
f3_10 sf
.122 .012(Put \322[ )J
f6_10 sf
.069(d)A
f3_10 sf
.097 .01( ]\323 into )J
f6_10 sf
.103(u.)A
406 385 :M
f8_10 sf
(; )S
f9_10 sf
-.033(preserve output tokens)A
121 396 :M
f3_10 sf
.16 .016(Put \322)J
f6_10 sf
.079 .008(d )J
f3_10 sf
.163 .016(< DATA.\323 into )J
f6_10 sf
.063(u)A
f3_10 sf
(.)S
121 407 :M
-.199(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
-.333(d.)A
108 418 :M
f4_10 sf
3.58 .358(end while)J
108 440 :M
.084(While)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
.086($)A
f6_10 sf
.073 .007(f )J
f7_12 sf
.134(\316)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
.093(d)A
f3_10 sf
.177 .018( such that )J
f6_10 sf
.073 .007(f )J
f3_10 sf
.224 .022(is not marked )J
f4_10 sf
.105(begin)A
121 457 :M
f3_10 sf
-.053(Let )A
f6_10 sf
-.071(q)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
-.073(\316 )A
f6_12 sf
-.08(Q )A
f3_10 sf
-.059(be )A
f6_10 sf
-.035(f )A
f3_10 sf
-.054(\325s current state.)A
121 474 :M
.06 .006(Let )J
f6_10 sf
(s )S
f7_12 sf
(\316)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
(S)S
f6_12 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
.054 .005(be )J
f6_10 sf
(f )S
f3_10 sf
.091 .009(\325s input token.)J
121 491 :M
-.051(Let )A
f6_10 sf
-.068(q)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
(j)S
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
-.071(\316 )A
f6_12 sf
-.078(Q )A
f3_10 sf
-.057(be )A
f6_10 sf
-.034(f )A
f3_10 sf
-.053(\325s next state.)A
121 508 :M
.153 .015(Let )J
f6_10 sf
.089 .009(d )J
f7_12 sf
.11(\316)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
.094(D)A
f6_12 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
.137 .014(be )J
f6_10 sf
.059 .006(f )J
f3_10 sf
.249 .025(\325s output token.)J
121 521 :M
-.109(Put \322[ )A
f6_10 sf
-.159(q)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.057(i)A
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
-.079( )A
f3_10 sf
-.079(] )A
f7_10 sf
-.282(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.247( <)A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
182 521 :M
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
187 521 :M
( )S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
188 521 :M
-.016(transition >)A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
236 521 :M
(>)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
241 521 :M
-.778( \321)A
148 533 :M
f7_10 sf
-.481(\254)A
f3_10 sf
-.135( [ )A
f6_10 sf
-.19(s )A
f3_10 sf
-.271(],)A
148 544 :M
f7_10 sf
-.501(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.141( [ )A
f6_10 sf
-.282(q)A
f6_9 sf
0 2 rm
-.101(j)A
0 -2 rm
f6_10 sf
-.141( )A
f3_10 sf
-.212( ],)A
148 556 :M
f7_10 sf
(\256 )S
f3_10 sf
([ )S
f6_10 sf
(d )S
f3_10 sf
-.008(]\323 into )A
f6_10 sf
(u.)S
376 556 :M
f8_10 sf
-.079(; )A
f9_10 sf
-.133(preserves transition functions)A
121 567 :M
f3_10 sf
-.016(Join this occurrence of [ )A
f6_10 sf
(q)S
0 2 rm
(i)S
0 -2 rm
( )S
f3_10 sf
(])S
f3_12 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
-.018(to a previous occurrence with same referent.)A
121 579 :M
-.025(Join this occurrence of [ )A
f6_10 sf
(s )S
f3_10 sf
-.027(] to a previous occurrence with same referent.)A
121 591 :M
-.026(Join this occurrence of )A
f3_12 sf
([)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(q)S
0 2 rm
(j )S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
(])S
f3_9 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
-.028(to a previous occurrence with same referent.)A
121 603 :M
-.014(Join this occurrence of [ )A
f6_10 sf
(d )S
f3_10 sf
(])S
f3_12 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
-.015(to a previous occurrence with same referent.)A
121 614 :M
-.254(Mark )A
f6_10 sf
-.282(f.)A
108 625 :M
f4_10 sf
3.58 .358(end while)J
108 641 :M
.086(While)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
.089($)A
f6_10 sf
(f)S
f3_9 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
.139(\316)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
.099(F)A
f3_10 sf
.182 .018( such that )J
f6_10 sf
.075 .007(f )J
f3_10 sf
.231 .023(is not marked )J
f4_10 sf
.108(begin)A
121 654 :M
f3_10 sf
-.075(Put \322[ )A
f6_10 sf
-.056(f )A
f3_10 sf
-.056(] )A
f7_10 sf
-.125(\254 )A
f3_10 sf
-.072(\(final\)\323 into )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
412 654 :M
f8_10 sf
-.075(;)A
f9_10 sf
-.119( preserves final states.)A
134 665 :M
f3_10 sf
-.029(Join this occurrence of [ )A
f6_10 sf
(f )S
f3_10 sf
(])S
f3_9 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
-.032( to a previous occurrence with same referent.)A
108 676 :M
f4_10 sf
3.58 .358(end while)J
108 694 :M
3.212 .321(end Algorithm 3a.)J
endp
%%Page: 26 26
%%BeginPageSetup
initializepage
(Delugach; page: 26 of 37)setjob
%%EndPageSetup
-31 -31 :T
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
90 45 :M
f0_10 sf
-.074(Multiple Viewed Software Requirements)A
516 45 :M
f0_12 sf
-.109(page 24)A
117 81 :M
-.086(Since a demon denotes the creation of new concepts, and the retraction of existing ones,)A
90 105 :M
-.115(this representation of a state transition diagram is made simple. Only one state exists at any one)A
90 129 :M
-.089(time, because enabling the demon )A
f3_12 sf
-.093(<< transition >>)A
f0_12 sf
-.083( causes the old state \(and the input\) to be)A
90 153 :M
-.123(retracted while it creates a new state \(and the output\). No explicit indicator of the current state is)A
90 177 :M
-.093(necessary; since only one state exists, it must be the current state. The start state is enabled by)A
90 201 :M
-.093(demon )A
f3_12 sf
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
131 201 :M
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
137 201 :M
( )S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
139 201 :M
-.336(T >)A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
155 201 :M
(>)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
161 201 :M
f0_12 sf
-.08( \(the initiator demon, see Appendix A, [20]\), thus causing the start state to exist)A
90 225 :M
-.057(before any transitions occur.)A
117 249 :M
f4_10 sf
.102 .01(Algorithm 3b)J
f0_12 sf
.069 .007( below shows how the original state transition R-Spec can be obtained)J
90 273 :M
-.095(from its corresponding conceptual graph representation. The reader may wish to look at the)A
90 297 :M
.173 .017(example in \2445 of the paper before examining )J
f4_10 sf
.274 .027(Algorithm 3b)J
f0_12 sf
(.)S
90 333 :M
f1_12 sf
2.468 .247(Extraction Algorithm 3b)J
117 357 :M
f0_12 sf
.377 .038(The following extraction algorithm translates )J
f3_10 sf
.046([\312)A
f4_10 sf
.116(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.504 .05(\312std\312R-Spec-Graph: )J
f6_10 sf
.114 .011(u )J
f3_10 sf
(])S
f0_10 sf
( )S
f0_12 sf
.154(to)A
90 381 :M
f3_10 sf
.203([)A
0 1 rm
.407(_)A
0 -1 rm
.203(\312)A
f4_10 sf
.518(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.335(\312std\312R-Spec\312)A
0 1 rm
.407(_)A
0 -1 rm
.203(])A
f0_10 sf
.305 .03(. )J
f0_12 sf
1.886 .189(The graph)J
f0_10 sf
.166 .017( )J
f3_10 sf
.203([\312)A
f4_10 sf
.518(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
2.242 .224(\312std\312R-Spec-Graph: )J
f6_9 sf
.366(u)A
f6_10 sf
.185 .018( )J
f3_10 sf
.203(])A
f0_12 sf
1.223 .122( consists of four finite)J
90 405 :M
-.049(sets: )A
f2_12 sf
-.097(C)A
f0_12 sf
-.052(, the set of its concepts; )A
f2_12 sf
-.089(R)A
f0_12 sf
-.05(, the set of its relations; )A
f2_12 sf
-.105(D)A
f0_12 sf
-.055(, the set of its demons; and )A
f2_12 sf
-.089(E)A
f0_12 sf
-.056(, the set)A
90 429 :M
-.067(of its directed links. Only relations named )A
f3_12 sf
-.062(\(final\))A
f0_12 sf
-.059( are in )A
f2_12 sf
-.106(R)A
f0_12 sf
-.063(, and )A
f2_12 sf
-.125(D)A
f0_12 sf
-.079( contains only demons named)A
90 453 :M
f3_12 sf
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
96 453 :M
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
102 453 :M
( )S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
104 453 :M
.47 .047(transition >)J
-100 -100 :M
( )S
163 453 :M
(>)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
169 453 :M
f0_12 sf
( or )S
f3_12 sf
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
191 453 :M
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
197 453 :M
(\312)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
203 453 :M
1.664(T\312>)A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
223 453 :M
(>)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
229 453 :M
f0_12 sf
-.081( \(the initiator\). Any other demons or relations, and all actors in )A
f6_12 sf
(u)S
90 477 :M
f0_12 sf
-.027(are ignored.)A
108 500 :M
f4_10 sf
3.425 .343(Begin Algorithm 3b.)J
108 515 :M
.035(Let)A
f3_10 sf
.104 .01( R-Spec contain six sets )J
f6_10 sf
.055(Q)A
f3_10 sf
(, )S
f7_12 sf
.05(S)A
f3_10 sf
(,)S
f7_10 sf
( )S
f7_12 sf
.052(D)A
f3_10 sf
(, )S
f7_12 sf
(d)S
f3_10 sf
(, )S
f6_10 sf
(q)S
f6_7 sf
0 2 rm
(0)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
.068 .007(, and )J
f6_10 sf
(F)S
f3_10 sf
(.)S
121 532 :M
-.459(where )A
f6_10 sf
-.714(Q)A
f3_10 sf
-.298( = { }, )A
f7_12 sf
-.652(S)A
f3_10 sf
-.298( = { }, )A
f7_12 sf
-.674(D)A
f3_10 sf
-.298( = { }, )A
f7_12 sf
-.544(d)A
f3_10 sf
-.298( = { }, )A
f6_10 sf
-.51(q)A
f6_7 sf
0 2 rm
-.357(0)A
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.298( = { }, )A
f6_10 sf
-.408(F )A
f3_10 sf
-.346(= { } .)A
108 556 :M
f4_10 sf
.178 .018(For )J
f3_10 sf
.215 .021(each )J
f6_10 sf
.066(s)A
f3_10 sf
.173 .017( such that \322<)J
-100 -100 :M
( )S
212 556 :M
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
217 556 :M
( )S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
218 556 :M
-.363(T >)A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
231 556 :M
(>)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
236 556 :M
( )S
f7_10 sf
-.163(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.046( [ )A
f6_10 sf
-.082(s)A
f3_10 sf
-.061( ]\323 and \322)A
f6_10 sf
-.064(s )A
f3_10 sf
-.075(< STATE.\323 are in )A
f6_10 sf
-.092(u)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.116(loop)A
121 567 :M
-.038(Let)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(q)S
f6_7 sf
0 2 rm
(0)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
-.029( = )A
f6_10 sf
(q)S
f6_7 sf
0 2 rm
(0)S
0 -2 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f3_9 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
-.028( \332 )A
f3_10 sf
({ )S
f6_10 sf
(s)S
f3_10 sf
( })S
415 567 :M
f9_10 sf
-.052(; preserves start state.)A
108 579 :M
f4_10 sf
3.2 .32(end for)J
108 605 :M
-.063(For )A
f3_10 sf
-.057(each [ )A
f6_10 sf
-.067(s)A
f3_10 sf
-.037( ] )A
f7_12 sf
-.114(\316)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
-.097(C)A
f3_10 sf
-.06( such that \322<)A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
244 605 :M
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
249 605 :M
( )S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
250 605 :M
-.363(T >)A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
263 605 :M
(>)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
268 605 :M
( )S
f7_10 sf
-.122(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.034( [ )A
f6_10 sf
-.062(s)A
f3_10 sf
-.047( ]\323 and \322)A
f6_10 sf
-.048(s )A
f3_10 sf
-.056(< STATE.\323 are in )A
f6_10 sf
-.068(u)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.087(loop)A
121 618 :M
-.087(Let)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
-.135(Q)A
f3_10 sf
-.066( = )A
f6_10 sf
-.135(Q)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
-.074(\332 )A
f3_10 sf
-.053({ )A
f6_10 sf
-.087(s)A
f3_10 sf
-.106( })A
395 618 :M
f9_10 sf
-.092(; preserves set of all states.)A
108 629 :M
f4_10 sf
3.2 .32(end for)J
endp
%%Page: 27 27
%%BeginPageSetup
initializepage
(Delugach; page: 27 of 37)setjob
%%EndPageSetup
-31 -31 :T
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
90 45 :M
f0_10 sf
-.074(Multiple Viewed Software Requirements)A
516 45 :M
f0_12 sf
-.109(page 25)A
108 85 :M
f4_10 sf
.345 .035(For )J
f3_10 sf
.417 .042(each )J
f6_10 sf
.142(d)A
f3_10 sf
.071 .007( )J
-100 -100 :M
( )S
160 85 :M
f7_12 sf
-.17(\316)A
f3_10 sf
-.055( )A
f6_10 sf
-.143(D)A
f3_10 sf
-.083( such that )A
f6_10 sf
-.11(d)A
f3_10 sf
-.102( = \322<)A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
248 85 :M
(<)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
253 85 :M
( )S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
254 85 :M
-.016(transition >)A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
302 85 :M
(>)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
307 85 :M
( )S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
308 85 :M
(\323)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
311 85 :M
-.152( and)A
148 98 :M
.049 .005(\322[ )J
f6_10 sf
(q)S
f3_10 sf
.026 .003( ] )J
f7_10 sf
.074 .007(\256 )J
f6_10 sf
(d)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
188 98 :M
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
-.077(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.022( [ )A
f6_10 sf
(s)S
f3_10 sf
-.03( ]\323 and \322)A
f6_10 sf
-.033(q )A
f3_10 sf
-.038(< STATE.\323 and \322)A
f6_10 sf
-.03(s )A
f3_10 sf
-.036(< STATE.\323 are in )A
f6_10 sf
(u)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.055(loop)A
121 109 :M
-.034(If)A
f3_10 sf
-.033( \322[ )A
f6_10 sf
-.05(inp)A
f3_10 sf
-.031( ] )A
f7_10 sf
-.111(\256)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f6_10 sf
(d)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
177 109 :M
f3_10 sf
.375 .037(\323 and \322)J
f6_10 sf
.156(inp)A
f3_10 sf
.391 .039( < DATA.\323 are in )J
f6_10 sf
.243 .024(u )J
f4_10 sf
.932 .093(then begin)J
134 120 :M
.645 .065(Let )J
f6_10 sf
.113(i)A
f3_10 sf
.252 .025( = )J
f6_10 sf
.339(inp)A
134 135 :M
f4_10 sf
.344 .034(Let )J
f7_12 sf
.193(S)A
f3_12 sf
.082 .008( )J
f3_10 sf
.195 .019(= )J
f7_12 sf
.193(S)A
f3_10 sf
.068 .007( )J
f7_10 sf
.193 .019(\332 )J
f3_10 sf
.138 .014({ )J
f6_10 sf
.312 .031(inp )J
f3_10 sf
(})S
379 135 :M
f9_10 sf
-.066(; preserves set of input tokens.)A
121 148 :M
f4_10 sf
1.181(else)A
134 159 :M
.203(Let)A
f3_10 sf
.103 .01( )J
f6_10 sf
.09(i)A
f3_10 sf
.457 .046( = \322\321\323)J
393 159 :M
f9_10 sf
.048 .005(; in case of no input token.)J
121 170 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
121 181 :M
.211(If)A
f3_10 sf
.352 .035( \322)J
f6_10 sf
(d)S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
139 181 :M
( )S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
140 181 :M
f3_10 sf
.06 .006( )J
f7_10 sf
.235(\256)A
f3_10 sf
.086 .009( [ )J
f6_10 sf
.11(out)A
f3_10 sf
.21 .021( ]\323 and \322)J
f6_10 sf
.11(out)A
f3_10 sf
.266 .027( < DATA.\323 are in )J
f6_10 sf
.166 .017(u )J
f4_10 sf
.634 .063(then begin)J
134 192 :M
.881 .088(Let )J
f6_10 sf
.386(o)A
f3_10 sf
.344 .034( = )J
f6_10 sf
.482(out)A
134 207 :M
f4_10 sf
.334 .033(Let )J
f7_12 sf
.193(D)A
f3_12 sf
.08 .008( )J
f3_10 sf
.189 .019(= )J
f7_12 sf
.193(D)A
f3_10 sf
.066 .007( )J
f7_10 sf
.187 .019(\332 )J
f3_10 sf
.134 .013({ )J
f6_10 sf
.122(out)A
f3_10 sf
.146 .015( })J
373 207 :M
f9_10 sf
-.038(; preserves set of output tokens.)A
121 220 :M
f4_10 sf
1.181(else)A
134 231 :M
.254(Let)A
f3_10 sf
.128 .013( )J
f6_10 sf
.283(o)A
f3_10 sf
.571 .057( = \322\321\323)J
390 231 :M
f9_10 sf
.116 .012(; in case of no output token)J
121 242 :M
f4_10 sf
2.893 .289(end if)J
121 257 :M
(Let )S
f7_12 sf
(d)S
f3_12 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
(= )S
f7_12 sf
(d)S
f3_10 sf
( )S
f7_10 sf
(\332 )S
f3_10 sf
({ )S
f6_10 sf
(f)S
f3_10 sf
( } where)S
373 257 :M
f9_10 sf
-.118(; preserves transition functions.)A
148 270 :M
f6_10 sf
-.225(q)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
161 270 :M
-.046(is )A
f6_10 sf
(f)S
f3_10 sf
-.059(\325s current state,)A
148 281 :M
f6_10 sf
(i)S
161 281 :M
f3_10 sf
.056 .006(is )J
f6_10 sf
(f)S
f3_10 sf
.131 .013(\325s input token,)J
148 292 :M
f6_10 sf
-.603(r)A
f3_10 sf
( )S
161 292 :M
-.051(is )A
f6_10 sf
(f)S
f3_10 sf
-.068(\325s next state, and)A
148 303 :M
f6_10 sf
(o)S
161 303 :M
f3_10 sf
.136 .014(is )J
f6_10 sf
(f)S
f3_10 sf
.342 .034(\325s output token.)J
108 314 :M
f4_10 sf
3.2 .32(end for)J
108 329 :M
-.089(For )A
f3_10 sf
-.081(each [ )A
f6_10 sf
-.095(s)A
f3_10 sf
-.053( ] )A
f7_12 sf
-.162(\316)A
f3_10 sf
-.053( )A
f6_10 sf
-.137(C)A
f3_10 sf
-.072( such that \322\(final\) )A
f7_10 sf
-.187(\256)A
f3_10 sf
-.053( [ )A
f6_10 sf
-.095(s)A
f3_10 sf
-.061( ]\323 is in )A
f6_10 sf
-.105(u)A
f3_10 sf
-.053( )A
f4_10 sf
-.133(loop)A
121 342 :M
-.138(Let)A
f3_10 sf
-.077( )A
f6_10 sf
-.169(F)A
f3_10 sf
-.105( = )A
f6_10 sf
-.169(F)A
f3_10 sf
-.077( )A
f7_10 sf
-.118(\332 )A
f3_10 sf
-.084({ )A
f6_10 sf
-.138(s)A
f3_10 sf
-.169( })A
386 342 :M
f9_10 sf
-.1(; preserves set of final states.)A
108 353 :M
f4_10 sf
3.2 .32(end for)J
108 375 :M
3.337 .334(end Algorithm 3b.)J
117 398 :M
f0_12 sf
-.103(This concludes the translation scheme for state transition diagrams.)A
90 432 :M
f1_12 sf
2.953 .295(Requirements Network Translation Scheme)J
117 456 :M
f0_12 sf
-.129(This translation scheme makes use of a component-for-component equivalence table)A
90 480 :M
-.087(which shows the major R-net components and their corresponding structures in conceptual)A
90 504 :M
-.059(graphs. The same table will be used for both algorithms.)A
117 528 :M
f4_10 sf
.595 .059(Algorithm 4a)J
f0_12 sf
.368 .037( provides a translation from )J
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.06([)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.083(_)A
0 -1 rm
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.054 .005( )J
f4_10 sf
.152(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.313 .031( Rnet R-Spec )J
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.083(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
.06(])A
f0_10 sf
.049 .005( )J
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.1(to)A
f0_10 sf
.078 .008( [ )J
f4_10 sf
.152(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.295 .03( Rnet R-)J
90 552 :M
.513 .051(Spec-Graph: )J
f6_9 sf
.123(U)A
f3_10 sf
.069 .007( ])J
f0_10 sf
(.)S
f0_12 sf
.052 .005( )J
f4_10 sf
.532 .053(Algorithm 4b)J
f0_12 sf
.349 .035( provides a reverse translation back to)J
f0_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
.053([)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.074(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
.048 .005( )J
f4_10 sf
.134(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.397 .04( Rnet R-Spec\312_])J
90 576 :M
f0_12 sf
.089(from)A
f0_10 sf
.118 .012( [\312\312)J
f4_10 sf
.108(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.295 .029( Rnet R-Spec-Graph: )J
f6_9 sf
.099(U)A
f3_10 sf
.055 .006( ])J
f0_12 sf
.305 .031(. Therefore all information in)J
f0_10 sf
( )S
f3_10 sf
([)S
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.059(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
.108(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.29 .029( Rnet R-Spec\312)J
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.059(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_12 sf
(])S
90 600 :M
f0_12 sf
-.043(must be contained in [)A
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( )S
f4_10 sf
-.063(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
-.043( Rnet R-Spec-Graph: )A
f6_9 sf
-.04(U )A
f3_10 sf
( )S
f3_12 sf
(])S
f0_12 sf
(.)S
90 636 :M
f1_12 sf
2.719 .272(Compilation Algorithm 4a)J
117 660 :M
f0_12 sf
-.143(A compilation algorithm for translating a requirements network diagram)A
90 684 :M
f3_10 sf
.225([)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.316(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
.225(\312)A
f4_10 sf
.574(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.392(\312Rnet\312R-Spec\312)A
f3_7 sf
0 1 rm
.316(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_12 sf
.27(])A
f0_12 sf
1.171 .117( into)J
f0_10 sf
.519 .052( [\312)J
f4_10 sf
.574(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.392(\312Rnet\312R-Spec-Graph:\312)A
f6_9 sf
.527(U)A
f3_10 sf
.205 .02( )J
f3_12 sf
.27(])A
f2_12 sf
.221 .022( )J
f0_12 sf
1.772 .177(is the following:)J
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3.307 .331(Begin Algorithm 4a.)J
108 92 :M
f3_10 sf
-.07(Let )A
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-.07(u )A
f3_10 sf
-.064( = { }. All elements of [)A
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0 1 rm
-.084(_)A
0 -1 rm
f3_10 sf
( )S
f4_10 sf
-.118(LANG)A
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-.081( Rnet R-Spec )A
0 1 rm
-.093(_)A
0 -1 rm
-.072(] are initially unmarked.)A
108 103 :M
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-.032(For )A
f3_10 sf
-.033(each )A
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(s)S
f3_10 sf
-.029( such that )A
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(s)S
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-.028( is a start symbol )A
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-.048(loop)A
130 114 :M
.047(For)A
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.111 .011( each node )J
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(n)S
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.109 .011( in the path starting with )J
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( )S
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.061(loop)A
148 125 :M
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.284 .028(Find node )J
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.1(n)A
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.142 .014( in the )J
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.108(Symbol)A
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.27 .027( column of Figure 9.)J
134 136 :M
.5 .05(Re-write )J
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.132(n)A
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.344 .034( in conceptual graph form as )J
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.617 .062(In Conceptual Graphs)J
f3_10 sf
.299 .03( in Figure 9.)J
148 147 :M
-.199(Mark )A
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-.222(n)A
f3_10 sf
(.)S
130 158 :M
f4_10 sf
3.731 .373(end loop)J
108 169 :M
3.731 .373(end loop)J
108 191 :M
2.702 .27(End of Algorithm 4a.)J
117 214 :M
f0_12 sf
-.111(The table in Figure 9 lists the component-for-component translations which are)A
90 238 :M
-.027(implemented by Algorithms\3124a and 4b.)A
117 262 :M
-.103(This algorithm relies on some properties of first-order logic which are explained in \2442)A
90 285 :M
-.061(and 14. The selector \()A
-100 -100 :M
( )S
1 G
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( )S
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(\))S
-100 -100 :M
( )S
210 285 :M
-.061( is also explained in \2442 as follows. It must represent knowledge about)A
90 310 :M
-.091(several alternatives, even though the selector chooses only one. Translating a selector results in)A
90 334 :M
-.132(several conceptual graph contexts, one for each alternative. The alternatives are made mutually)A
90 358 :M
-.094(exclusive by placing the selector in a generic concept in the current context \(e.g., )A
f3_12 sf
-.12([ITEM])A
f0_12 sf
-.142(\),)A
90 382 :M
-.064(while placing individual selector instances \(e.g., )A
f3_12 sf
-.076([ITEM: a])A
f0_12 sf
-.042(, )A
f3_12 sf
-.076([ITEM: b])A
f0_12 sf
-.066(, etc.\) in new separate)A
90 406 :M
-.095(contexts. Each individual instance of a selector value is connected to the generic concept \(e.g.,)A
90 430 :M
f3_12 sf
-.113([ITEM: {a, b, else} @1])A
f0_12 sf
-.097( \) by a line of identity, but is not connected to the other selector)A
90 454 :M
-.096(individuals; e.g., )A
f3_12 sf
-.119([ITEM: a])A
f0_12 sf
-.099( is not connected by a line of identity to )A
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-.119([ITEM: b])A
f0_12 sf
-.106(; they are not)A
90 478 :M
-.085(compatible. Because the cardinality of )A
f3_12 sf
-.104([ITEM])A
f0_12 sf
-.085( is 1, however, only one of the individuals)A
90 502 :M
-.106(\(values\) can exist at any one time.)A
117 526 :M
f4_10 sf
.226 .023(Algorithm 4b)J
f0_12 sf
.162 .016( below shows how the original requirements network R-Spec can be)J
90 550 :M
-.093(obtained from its corresponding conceptual graph representation. The reader may wish to look)A
90 574 :M
.076 .008(at the example in \2446 of the paper before examining )J
f4_10 sf
.13 .013(Algorithm 4b)J
f0_12 sf
(.)S
90 610 :M
f1_12 sf
2.468 .247(Extraction Algorithm 4b)J
117 634 :M
f0_12 sf
.352 .035(The following extraction algorithm translates )J
f3_10 sf
.043([\312)A
f4_10 sf
.109(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
.495 .049(\312Rnet\312R-Spec-Graph: )J
f6_10 sf
.106 .011(u )J
f3_10 sf
(])S
f0_12 sf
.158 .016( to)J
90 658 :M
f3_10 sf
.198([)A
0 1 rm
.396(_)A
0 -1 rm
.198(\312)A
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.504(LANG)A
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.344(\312Rnet\312R-Spec\312)A
0 1 rm
.396(_)A
0 -1 rm
.198(])A
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.178(.)A
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1.233 .123( The graph)J
f0_10 sf
.162 .016( )J
f3_10 sf
.198([\312)A
f4_10 sf
.504(LANG)A
f3_10 sf
2.293 .229(\312Rnet\312R-Spec-Graph: )J
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.494 .049(u )J
f3_10 sf
.198(])A
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1.189 .119( consists of four finite)J
90 682 :M
-.049(sets: )A
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-.097(C)A
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-.052(, the set of its concepts; )A
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-.089(R)A
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-.05(, the set of its relations; )A
f2_12 sf
-.105(D)A
f0_12 sf
-.055(, the set of its demons; and )A
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-.089(E)A
f0_12 sf
-.056(, the set)A
90 706 :M
-.062(of its directed links.)A
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3.425 .343(Begin Algorithm 4b.)J
108 99 :M
.135(Let)A
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.465 .046( R-Spec be blank.)J
108 117 :M
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.075(For)A
f3_10 sf
.198 .02( each context )J
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.091 .009(x )J
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.114 .011(in )J
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.078(u)A
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.24 .024(, starting with outermost context )J
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.099(loop)A
121 128 :M
.164(For)A
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.466 .047( each component in )J
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.153(x)A
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.141 .014(, )J
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.215(loop)A
134 139 :M
f3_10 sf
.338 .034(Find a match for )J
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.128(x)A
f3_10 sf
.203 .02( in the )J
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.666 .067(In Conceptual Graphs)J
f3_10 sf
.384 .038( column of Figure 9.)J
134 150 :M
.117 .012(Get an R-net component )J
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(c)S
f3_10 sf
.069 .007( from the )J
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.039(Symbol)A
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.097 .01( column of Figure 9)J
134 161 :M
.229 .023(Connect )J
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.067 .007(c )J
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.256 .026(to R-Spec.)J
121 172 :M
f4_10 sf
3.2 .32(end for)J
108 183 :M
3.2 .32(end for)J
108 197 :M
2.794 .279(End of Algorithm 4b.)J
117 220 :M
f0_12 sf
-.075(This concludes the translation scheme for requirements networks \(RSL\).)A
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.481(REFERENCES)A
90 121 :M
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-.107([1])A
126 121 :M
-.019(G.C. Roman, A Taxonomy of Current Issues in Requirements Engineering, )A
f9_10 sf
-.033(IEEE)A
126 132 :M
.175(Computer)A
f8_10 sf
.418 .042( 18 \(4\), 14-23 \(1985\).)J
90 155 :M
-.107([2])A
126 155 :M
-.042(M.W. Alford, A Requirements Engineering Methodology for Real-Time Processing)A
126 166 :M
.297 .03(Requirements, )J
f9_10 sf
.219 .022(IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng.)J
f8_10 sf
.148 .015( SE-3 \(1\), 60-69 \(1977\).)J
90 189 :M
-.107([3])A
126 189 :M
.034 .003(M.W. Alford, SREM at the Age of Eight: The Distributed Computing Design System,)J
126 200 :M
f9_10 sf
.545 .055(IEEE Computer)J
f8_10 sf
.229 .023( 18 \(4\), 36-46 \(1985\).)J
90 223 :M
-.107([4])A
126 223 :M
.138 .014(D.T. Ross and J. Kenneth E. Schoman, Structured Analysis for Requirements Definition,)J
126 234 :M
f9_10 sf
.206 .021(IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng.)J
f8_10 sf
.134 .013( SE-3 \(1\), 6-15 \(1977\).)J
90 257 :M
-.107([5])A
126 257 :M
.332 .033(D.T. Ross, Applications and Extensions of SADT, )J
f9_10 sf
.549 .055(IEEE Computer)J
f8_10 sf
.231 .023( 18 \(4\), 25-35 \(1985\).)J
90 280 :M
-.107([6])A
126 280 :M
-.017(G.P. Mullery, CORE - A Method For Controlled Requirement Specification, )A
f9_10 sf
-.016(Proc. 4th Intl.)A
126 291 :M
.381 .038(Conf. Softw. Eng.)J
f8_10 sf
.345 .035(, p. 126-135, IEEE Computer Society 1979.)J
90 314 :M
-.107([7])A
126 314 :M
.306 .031(A. Borgida, S. Greenspan, and J. Mylopoulos, Knowledge Representation as the Basis)J
126 325 :M
.162 .016(for Requirements Specifications, )J
f9_10 sf
.214 .021(IEEE Computer)J
f8_10 sf
.09 .009( 18 \(4\), 82-91 \(1985\).)J
90 348 :M
-.107([8])A
126 348 :M
.049 .005(S.C. Bailin, An Object-Oriented Requirements Specification Method, )J
f9_10 sf
.066 .007(Comm. ACM)J
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.025 .002( 32 \(5\),)J
126 359 :M
1.169 .117(608-623 \(1989\).)J
90 382 :M
-.107([9])A
126 382 :M
.423 .042(D. Harel, On Visual Formalisms, )J
f9_10 sf
.697 .07(Comm. ACM)J
f8_10 sf
.327 .033( 31 \(5\), 514-530 \(1988\).)J
90 405 :M
.075([10])A
126 405 :M
.345 .034(A.I. Wasserman, P.A. Pircher, D.T. Shewmake, and M.L. Kersten, Developing)J
126 416 :M
-.049(Interactive Information Systems With the User Software Engineering Methodology, )A
f9_10 sf
-.087(IEEE)A
126 427 :M
.322 .032(Trans. Softw. Eng.)J
f8_10 sf
.242 .024( SE-12 \(2\) \(1986\).)J
90 450 :M
.075([11])A
126 450 :M
-.009(S.P. Wartik, A Multi-Level Approach to the Production of Requirements for Interactive)A
126 461 :M
.335 .033(Computer Systems, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1983.)J
90 484 :M
.075([12])A
126 484 :M
-.003(W.W. Agresti, Guidelines for Applying the Composite Specification Model, Software)A
126 495 :M
.273 .027(Engineering Laboratory, Tech. Report no. SEL-87-003, Greenbelt, MD, U.S.A., 1987.)J
90 518 :M
.075([13])A
126 518 :M
.104 .01(A. Finkelstein and H. Fuks, Multiparty Specification, )J
f9_10 sf
.103 .01(Proc. 5th Intl. Wkshop, Softw.)J
126 529 :M
.439 .044(Spec. and Design)J
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.455 .046(, p. 185-195, ACM\312SIGSOFT 1989.)J
90 552 :M
.075([14])A
126 552 :M
-.049(J.F. Sowa, )A
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-.052(Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine)A
f8_10 sf
-.054(, Addison-)A
126 563 :M
.515 .052(Wesley Publ. Co., Reading, Mass. U.S.A. 1984.)J
90 586 :M
.075([15])A
126 586 :M
-.036(R.C. Schank, )A
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-.037(Conceptual Information Processing)A
f8_10 sf
-.036(, Elsevier Science Publishers 1975.)A
90 609 :M
.075([16])A
126 609 :M
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.073 .007(Proc. Fourth Annual Workshop on Conceptual Structures)J
f8_10 sf
.053 .005(, J.A. Nagle and T.E. Nagle,)J
126 620 :M
.345 .034(eds., AAAI, IJCAI-89, Detroit, Michigan, 1989.)J
90 643 :M
.075([17])A
126 643 :M
f9_10 sf
.177 .018(Proc. Fifth Annual Workshop on Conceptual Graphs)J
f8_10 sf
.13 .013(, P. Eklund and L. Gerholz, eds.,)J
126 654 :M
.169 .017(Link\232ping University, Stockholm, Sweden, 1990.)J
90 677 :M
.075([18])A
126 677 :M
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.062 .006(Proc. Sixth Annual Workshop on Conceptual Graphs)J
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.056 .006(, E.C. Way, ed., SUNY Binghamton,)J
126 688 :M
.571 .057(Binghamton, NY, 1991.)J
90 711 :M
.075([19])A
126 711 :M
.146 .015(R. Muehlbacher, Using Conceptual Graphs as a Representation Language for System)J
126 722 :M
.084 .008(Analysis Methods, )J
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.081 .008(Proc. 5th Annual Workshop on Conceptual Structures)J
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.37 .037(L. Gerholz, eds.\), p. 221-232, Link\232ping University, Boston & Stockholm 1990.)J
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126 81 :M
.07 .007(H.S. Delugach, A Multiple-Viewed Approach to Software Requirements, Ph.D. Thesis,)J
126 92 :M
.011 .001(University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA U.S.A., 1991.)J
90 115 :M
.075([21])A
126 115 :M
.15 .015(P. Zave, An Operational Approach to Requirements Specification for Embedded Systems,)J
126 126 :M
f9_10 sf
.314 .031(IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng.)J
f8_10 sf
.228 .023( SE-8 \(3\), 250-269 \(1982\).)J
90 149 :M
.075([22])A
126 149 :M
-.05(A.M. Davis, )A
f9_10 sf
-.051(Software Requirements: Analysis and Specification)A
f8_10 sf
-.053(, Prentice-Hall, Englewood)A
126 160 :M
.405 .04(Cliffs, New Jersey 1990.)J
90 183 :M
.075([23])A
126 183 :M
.185 .018(P.P.S. Chen, The entity-relationship model \321 toward a unified view of data, )J
f9_10 sf
.121(ACM)A
126 194 :M
.682 .068(Trans. Database Sys.)J
f8_10 sf
.343 .034( 1 \(1\), 9-36 \(1976\).)J
90 217 :M
.075([24])A
126 217 :M
-.045(A.V. Aho, )A
f9_10 sf
-.047(The Theory of Parsing, Translation and Compiling)A
f8_10 sf
-.043(, Prentice-Hall, Vol. I,)A
126 228 :M
.274 .027(Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1972.)J
90 251 :M
.075([25])A
126 251 :M
.042 .004(H.S. Delugach, Dynamic Assertion and Retraction of Conceptual Graphs, )J
f9_10 sf
.05 .005(Proc. Sixth)J
126 262 :M
.157 .016(Annual Workshop on Conceptual Graphs)J
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.12 .012(, \(E.C. Way, ed.\), p. 15-26, SUNY Binghamton,)J
126 273 :M
.389 .039(Binghamton, New York 1991.)J
90 296 :M
.075([26])A
126 296 :M
-.024(J.L. Peterson, )A
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-.026(Petri Net Theory and the Modeling of Systems)A
f8_10 sf
-.027(, Prentice-Hall, Englewood)A
126 307 :M
.405 .04(Cliffs, New Jersey 1981.)J
90 330 :M
.075([27])A
126 330 :M
-.052(T. DeMarco, )A
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-.049(Structured Analysis: Systems Specifications)A
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-.052(, Yourdon, Prentice-Hall, New)A
126 341 :M
.948 .095(York 1980.)J
90 364 :M
.075([28])A
126 364 :M
-.007(E. Yourdon and L.L. Constantine, )A
f9_10 sf
-.007(Structured Design: Fundamentals of a Discipline of)A
126 375 :M
-.044(Computer Program and Systems Design)A
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-.041(, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey)A
126 386 :M
.496(1979.)A
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f3_12 sf
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.833 0 rm
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gR
gR
gS 96 112 437 141 rC
225.5 227.5 25.5 @i
0 G
225.5 227.5 25 @e
202 204 45 42 rC
gS
.87 .87 scale
257.84 257.73 :T
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245.84 244.73 :M
f3_12 sf
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(transition )S
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(diagrams)S
gR
gR
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159 132 :L
154 139 :L
159 146 :L
145 139 :L
eofill
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eofill
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223 202 :L
eofill
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eofill
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eofill
153 226 -2 2 190 224 2 153 224 @a
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eofill
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eofill
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eofill
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eofill
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eofill
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359.57 150.515 :M
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333 226 24 @i
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.87 .87 scale
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369.909 249.326 :M
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f3_12 sf
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.87 .87 scale
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eofill
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eofill
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gS
.87 .87 scale
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461.812 198.771 :M
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456.068 214.857 :M
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454 199 :L
455 208 :L
445 195 :L
eofill
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484 216 :L
eofill
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363 162 :L
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2 lw
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np 395 171 :M
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395 171 :L
eofill
361 155 -2 2 387 166 2 361 153 @a
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175 268 :M
f0_12 sf
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418 268 :M
(\(b\))S
157 292 :M
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f1_12 sf
2.777 .278(Translating Between Requirements Languages.)J
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2 lw
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284 358 62 31 rF
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1 lw
284.5 358.5 61 30 rS
1 G
444 358 55 31 rF
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444.5 358.5 54 30 rS
1 G
368 365 422 381 7.5 @q
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368.5 365.5 421.5 380.5 7 @s
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361 373 :L
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eofill
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eofill
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gS
.85 .836 scale
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337.82 449.86 :M
.496 0 rm
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(PRESSURE)S
gR
gR
gS 447 367 49 13 rC
gS
.85 .836 scale
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534.392 448.664 :M
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f3_12 sf
(ATMOS)S
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gR
gS 371 368 49 13 rC
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.85 .836 scale
463.695 446.86 :T
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436.695 449.86 :M
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gR
gR
1 G
gS 114 341 401 56 rC
131 358 47 31 rF
0 G
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1 G
200 365 262 381 7.5 @q
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eofill
184 374 -1 1 201 373 1 184 373 @a
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271 378 :L
268 373 :L
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eofill
268 374 -1 1 285 373 1 268 373 @a
132 366 42 13 rC
gS
.85 .836 scale
179.905 444.467 :T
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158.905 447.467 :M
.326 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(GAS: *g)S
gR
gR
gS 202 366 56 13 rC
gS
.85 .836 scale
270.602 444.467 :T
-270.602 -444.467 :T
256.602 447.467 :M
.491 0 rm
0 G
f3_12 sf
(agent)S
gR
gR
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
322 412 :M
0 G
f0_12 sf
-.156(\(a\))A
1 G
114 427 401 57 rC
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0 G
2 lw
116 429 397 53 rS
1 G
437 436 62 32 rF
0 G
1 lw
437.5 436.5 61 31 rS
439 448 57 14 rC
gS
.85 .851 scale
548.798 535.18 :T
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523.798 537.18 :M
f3_12 sf
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gR
gR
gS 114 427 401 57 rC
284 436 47 32 rF
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284.5 436.5 46 31 rS
1 G
353 444 415 460 7.5 @q
0 G
353.5 444.5 414.5 459.5 7 @s
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343 457 :L
346 452 :L
343 447 :L
353 452 :L
eofill
330 453 -1 1 347 452 1 330 452 @a
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427 457 :L
430 452 :L
427 447 :L
437 452 :L
eofill
414 453 -1 1 431 452 1 414 452 @a
285 441 42 13 rC
gS
.85 .851 scale
360.414 524.777 :T
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348.414 527.777 :M
.001 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(ACT)S
gR
gR
gS 355 445 56 13 rC
gS
.85 .851 scale
450.695 530.479 :T
-450.695 -530.479 :T
436.695 532.479 :M
.491 0 rm
0 G
f3_12 sf
(agent)S
gR
gR
gS 114 427 401 57 rC
131 436 47 32 rF
0 G
131.5 436.5 46 31 rS
1 G
200 444 262 460 7.5 @q
0 G
200.5 444.5 261.5 459.5 7 @s
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187 457 :L
184 452 :L
187 447 :L
177 452 :L
eofill
184 453 -1 1 201 452 1 184 452 @a
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271 457 :L
268 452 :L
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261 452 :L
eofill
268 453 -1 1 285 452 1 268 452 @a
129 441 50 13 rC
gS
.85 .851 scale
181.082 524.777 :T
-181.082 -524.777 :T
160.082 527.777 :M
f3_12 sf
-.133(ENTITY)A
gR
gR
gS 202 445 56 13 rC
gS
.85 .851 scale
270.425 530.479 :T
-270.425 -530.479 :T
255.425 532.479 :M
.495 0 rm
0 G
f3_12 sf
(object)S
gR
gR
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
321 499 :M
0 G
f0_12 sf
(\(b\))S
1 G
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2 lw
116 516 397 114 rS
1 G
437 523 62 32 rF
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1 lw
437.5 523.5 61 31 rS
439 528 57 27 rC
gS
.85 .849 scale
548.621 636.388 :T
-548.621 -636.388 :T
522.621 631.388 :M
f3_12 sf
-.22(DOCTOR:)A
534.392 647.88 :M
.494 0 rm
(Jones)S
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gR
gS 114 514 401 118 rC
284 523 47 32 rF
0 G
284.5 523.5 46 31 rS
1 G
353 531 415 547 7.5 @q
0 G
353.5 531.5 414.5 546.5 7 @s
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340 544 :L
337 539 :L
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eofill
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eofill
421 540 -1 1 438 539 1 421 539 @a
285 528 42 27 rC
gS
.85 .849 scale
360.06 636.388 :T
-360.06 -636.388 :T
346.06 631.388 :M
f3_12 sf
-.225(AGE:)A
354.3 647.88 :M
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(45)S
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gR
gS 355 532 56 13 rC
gS
.85 .849 scale
449.632 634.1 :T
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429.632 636.1 :M
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f3_12 sf
(attribute)S
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gR
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437 584 62 32 rF
0 G
437.5 584.5 61 31 rS
439 596 57 14 rC
gS
.85 .849 scale
548.798 710.668 :T
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523.798 712.668 :M
f3_12 sf
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284 584 47 32 rF
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284.5 584.5 46 31 rS
1 G
353 592 415 608 7.5 @q
0 G
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346 600 :L
343 595 :L
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eofill
330 601 -1 1 347 600 1 330 600 @a
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eofill
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285 589 42 27 rC
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.85 .849 scale
360.237 708.244 :T
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347.237 703.244 :M
f3_12 sf
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(surgery)S
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.85 .849 scale
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436.695 707.956 :M
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1 G
200 592 262 608 7.5 @q
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eofill
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271 605 :L
268 600 :L
271 595 :L
261 600 :L
eofill
268 601 -1 1 285 600 1 268 600 @a
129 589 50 13 rC
gS
.85 .849 scale
181.551 700.244 :T
-181.551 -700.244 :T
156.551 703.244 :M
f3_12 sf
-.111(PATIENT)A
gR
gR
gS 202 593 56 14 rC
gS
.85 .849 scale
270.425 705.956 :T
-270.425 -705.956 :T
255.425 707.956 :M
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0 G
f3_12 sf
(object)S
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gR
:a
0 fg bk :b
gS 114 514 401 118 rC
2 lw
[3 3 ] 0 :q
467 584 467 554 :r
[] 0 :q
467 554 :M
psb
pse
gR
:e
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
322 647 :M
0 G
f0_12 sf
-.156(\(c\))A
206 671 :M
1.818 .182(Figure 2.)J
f1_12 sf
1.876 .188( Conceptual Graph Examples.)J
endp
%%Page: 33 33
%%BeginPageSetup
initializepage
(Delugach; page: 33 of 37)setjob
%%EndPageSetup
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gS 31 31 552 730 rC
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516 45 :M
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1 G
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92 90 19 20 rF
0 G
92.5 90.5 18 19 rS
129 95.5 :M
132.331 91.832 134 90 134 90 :C
134 90 135.831 91.832 139.5 95.5 :C
143.165 99.165 145 101 145 101 :C
145 101 143.165 102.832 139.5 106.5 :C
135.831 110.165 134 112 134 112 :C
134 112 132.331 110.165 129 106.5 :C
125.665 102.832 124 101 124 101 :C
124 101 125.665 99.165 129 95.5 :C
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stroke
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161 90 20 20 rF
0 G
161.5 90.5 19 19 rS
110 102 -1 1 125 101 1 110 101 @a
145 102 -1 1 162 101 1 145 101 @a
109 85 16 15 rC
gS
1.058 1.036 scale
109.761 88.725 :T
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106.761 91.725 :M
.165 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(1)S
gR
gR
gS 145 86 15 15 rC
gS
1.058 1.036 scale
142.883 88.69 :T
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138.883 92.69 :M
.003 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(M)S
gR
gR
gS 95 93 14 15 rC
gS
1.058 1.036 scale
95.589 97.415 :T
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92.589 100.415 :M
f3_12 sf
(A)S
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gR
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1.058 1.036 scale
160.779 97.415 :T
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157.779 100.415 :M
f3_12 sf
(B)S
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gR
gS 127 94 13 15 rC
gS
1.058 1.036 scale
125.822 97.38 :T
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122.822 101.38 :M
.165 0 rm
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(d)S
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gR
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200 95.5 :M
203.33 91.832 205 90 205 90 :C
205 90 206.83 91.832 210.5 95.5 :C
214.163 99.165 216 101 216 101 :C
216 101 214.163 102.832 210.5 106.5 :C
206.83 110.165 205 112 205 112 :C
205 112 203.33 110.165 200 106.5 :C
196.664 102.832 195 101 195 101 :C
195 101 196.664 99.165 200 95.5 :C
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1.058 1.036 scale
176.841 88.725 :T
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173.841 91.725 :M
.165 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(1)S
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gR
gS 216 86 15 15 rC
gS
1.058 1.036 scale
210.908 88.69 :T
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206.908 92.69 :M
.168 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(N)S
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gR
gS 235 93 14 15 rC
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1.058 1.036 scale
227.914 97.415 :T
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223.914 100.415 :M
.168 0 rm
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(C)S
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gR
gS 198 93 13 15 rC
gS
1.058 1.036 scale
191.902 97.415 :T
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189.902 100.415 :M
.165 0 rm
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(e)S
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1 G
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411.5 73.5 38 25 rS
1 G
493 73 39 26 rF
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493.5 73.5 38 25 rS
1 G
380 80 400 93 6 @q
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1 G
462 80 482 93 6 @q
0 G
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eofill
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eofill
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eofill
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eofill
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479.302 120.273 :M
f3_12 sf
-.188(A : { * } )A
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.075 0 rm
(@1)S
gR
gR
gS 411 77 38 22 rC
gS
.701 .698 scale
611.848 126.273 :T
-611.848 -126.273 :T
594.848 120.273 :M
0 G
f3_12 sf
-.188(B : { * } )A
594.848 136.023 :M
.237 0 rm
(@ ???)S
gR
gR
gS 493 77 38 22 rC
gS
.701 .698 scale
729.821 126.273 :T
-729.821 -126.273 :T
711.821 120.273 :M
0 G
f3_12 sf
-.15(C : { * } )A
720.38 136.023 :M
.079 0 rm
(@N)S
gR
gR
gS 383 82 9 11 rC
gS
.701 .698 scale
552.2 124.432 :T
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549.2 127.432 :M
.165 0 rm
0 G
f3_12 sf
(d)S
gR
gR
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gS
.701 .698 scale
672.452 124.432 :T
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670.452 127.432 :M
.165 0 rm
0 G
f3_12 sf
(e)S
gR
gR
gS 357 104 159 11 rC
gS
.701 .698 scale
621.538 155.932 :T
-621.538 -155.932 :T
513.538 158.932 :M
0 G
f3_12 sf
-.167(A < ENTITY. B < ENTITY. C < ENTITY.)A
gR
gR
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
162 131 :M
0 G
f0_12 sf
-.156(\(a\))A
418 131 :M
(\(b\))S
1 G
112 168 122 43 rC
162 173 181 186 6 @q
0 G
162.5 173.5 180.5 185.5 5.5 @s
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153 182 :L
156 180 :L
153 177 :L
162 180 :L
eofill
149 181 -1 1 157 180 1 149 180 @a
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185 182 :L
188 180 :L
185 177 :L
193 180 :L
eofill
181 181 -1 1 189 180 1 181 180 @a
168 176 9 10 rC
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.701 .683 scale
244.462 264.122 :T
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242.462 268.122 :M
.165 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(e)S
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113 169 39 26 rF
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1 G
195 169 39 26 rF
0 G
195.5 169.5 38 25 rS
113 176 38 11 rC
gS
.701 .683 scale
187.854 265.122 :T
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176.854 268.122 :M
f3_12 sf
-.168(B : *)A
gR
gR
gS 195 173 38 22 rC
gS
.701 .683 scale
305.675 269.726 :T
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286.675 263.726 :M
0 G
f3_12 sf
-.15(C : { * } )A
295.233 279.843 :M
.079 0 rm
(@N)S
gR
gR
gS 116 199 114 11 rC
gS
.701 .683 scale
246.428 298.82 :T
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175.428 301.82 :M
0 G
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-.16(B < ENTITY. C < ENTITY.)A
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gR
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0 G
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329 174 :L
332 171 :L
329 168 :L
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eofill
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341 167 9 10 rC
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.7 .699 scale
492.81 244.958 :T
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489.81 248.958 :M
.165 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(d)S
gR
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[5 5 ] 0 :q
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2.62 .262(Customer\325s Originating Entity-Relation Diagram.)J
endp
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(Delugach; page: 34 of 37)setjob
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2.231 .223(Translation Of R-net Nodes Into Conceptual Graphs.)J
endp
%%Page: 37 37
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gS
.449 .449 scale
1130.276 706.41 :T
-1130.276 -706.41 :T
1099.276 696.41 :M
.66 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(MESSAGE:)S
1097.051 709.76 :M
.83 0 rm
(To_Nurses_)S
1110.402 723.11 :M
.826 0 rm
(Station)S
gR
gR
0 G
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
np 381 158 :M
378 151 :L
381 151 :L
383 151 :L
381 158 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
381 151 381 142 :r
[] 0 :q
381 142 :M
psb
pse
:e
0 G
np 446 106 :M
441 108 :L
442 106 :L
441 103 :L
446 106 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
442 106 423 106 :r
[] 0 :q
423 106 :M
psb
pse
:e
1 G
512 97 32 20 rF
0 G
512.5 97.5 31 19 rS
512 98 32 19 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
1173.331 239.17 :T
-1173.331 -239.17 :T
1139.331 229.17 :M
.161 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(TYPE_MSG:)S
1139.331 242.52 :M
.656 0 rm
({failure, else} )S
1166.034 255.87 :M
.075 0 rm
(@1)S
gR
gR
gS 403 237 7 8 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
903.778 534.664 :T
-903.778 -534.664 :T
896.778 540.664 :M
f3_18 sf
(\302)S
gR
gR
1 G
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
352 138 49 130 rF
0 G
352.5 138.5 48 129 rS
1 G
361 239 32 20 rF
0 G
361.5 239.5 31 19 rS
361 240 32 19 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
838.768 553.889 :T
-838.768 -553.889 :T
807.768 542.889 :M
.66 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(MESSAGE:)S
805.542 556.238 :M
.83 0 rm
(To_Nurses_)S
821.119 571.813 :M
.826 0 rm
(Station)S
gR
gR
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
361 146 32 20 rF
0 G
361.5 146.5 31 19 rS
361 149 32 13 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
837.317 345.643 :T
-837.317 -345.643 :T
803.317 342.643 :M
.161 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(TYPE_MSG:)S
823.345 355.993 :M
.667 0 rm
(failure)S
gR
gR
0 G
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
366 196.5 :M
372.661 192.164 376 190 376 190 :C
376 190 379.327 192.164 386 196.5 :C
392.661 200.83 396 203 396 203 :C
396 203 392.661 205.163 386 209.5 :C
379.327 213.83 376 216 376 216 :C
376 216 372.661 213.83 366 209.5 :C
359.328 205.163 356 203 356 203 :C
356 203 359.328 200.83 366 196.5 :C
:K
stroke
358 194 36 19 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
835.894 452.766 :T
-835.894 -452.766 :T
818.894 442.766 :M
.332 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(Notify_)S
814.444 456.115 :M
.666 0 rm
(Nurses_)S
818.894 469.465 :M
.826 0 rm
(Station)S
gR
gR
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
np 376 190 :M
374 185 :L
376 187 :L
378 185 :L
376 190 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
376 187 376 165 :r
[] 0 :q
376 165 :M
psb
pse
:e
0 G
np 376 238 :M
374 233 :L
376 235 :L
378 233 :L
376 238 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
376 235 376 217 :r
[] 0 :q
376 217 :M
psb
pse
:e
1 G
465 143 33 19 rF
0 G
465.5 143.5 32 18 rS
466 148 32 12 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
1073.194 341.193 :T
-1073.194 -341.193 :T
1039.194 338.193 :M
.161 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(TYPE_MSG:)S
1061.447 351.543 :M
.498 0 rm
(else)S
gR
gR
gS 346 196 8 9 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
779.164 446.666 :T
-779.164 -446.666 :T
772.164 451.666 :M
f3_18 sf
(\302)S
gR
gR
:a
0 fg bk :b
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
[4 3 ] 0 :q
436 125 388 146 :r
[] 0 :q
388 146 :M
psb
pse
[4 3 ] 0 :q
511 115 435 125 :r
[] 0 :q
435 125 :M
psb
pse
[4 3 ] 0 :q
536 124 524 117 :r
[] 0 :q
524 117 :M
psb
pse
[4 3 ] 0 :q
498 152 536 124 :r
[] 0 :q
536 124 :M
psb
pse
:e
0 G
446.5 188.5 :M
452.827 184.164 456 182 456 182 :C
456 182 459.326 184.164 466 188.5 :C
472.66 192.83 476 195 476 195 :C
476 195 472.66 197.164 466 201.5 :C
459.326 205.83 456 208 456 208 :C
456 208 452.827 205.83 446.5 201.5 :C
440.16 197.164 437 195 437 195 :C
437 195 440.16 192.83 446.5 188.5 :C
:K
stroke
439 187 36 18 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
1017.365 435.966 :T
-1017.365 -435.966 :T
1001.365 424.966 :M
.828 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(Store_)S
996.914 438.316 :M
.165 0 rm
(Factor_)S
1005.815 453.89 :M
.331 0 rm
(Data)S
gR
gR
:e
0 G
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
np 461 186 :M
461 180 :L
463 183 :L
466 183 :L
461 186 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
463 183 473 162 :r
[] 0 :q
473 162 :M
psb
pse
:e
0 G
507.5 188.5 :M
513.826 184.164 517 182 517 182 :C
517 182 520.325 184.164 527 188.5 :C
533.659 192.83 537 195 537 195 :C
537 195 533.659 197.164 527 201.5 :C
520.325 205.83 517 208 517 208 :C
517 208 513.826 205.83 507.5 201.5 :C
501.159 197.164 498 195 498 195 :C
498 195 501.159 192.83 507.5 188.5 :C
:K
stroke
500 190 36 12 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
1153.205 434.641 :T
-1153.205 -434.641 :T
1128.205 431.641 :M
.828 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(Examine_)S
1132.655 447.216 :M
0 0 rm
(Factors)S
gR
gR
1 G
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
439 227 33 20 rF
0 G
439.5 227.5 32 19 rS
439 228 32 18 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
1012.239 526.189 :T
-1012.239 -526.189 :T
990.239 516.189 :M
f3_12 sf
-.2(RANGE:)A
983.563 529.539 :M
.151 0 rm
({safe, else} )S
1003.59 545.114 :M
.075 0 rm
(@1)S
gR
gR
gS 419 294 12 7 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
945.607 662.261 :T
-945.607 -662.261 :T
934.607 665.261 :M
0 G
f3_12 sf
(\302)S
gR
gR
gS 430 293 9 6 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
965.86 659.036 :T
-965.86 -659.036 :T
956.86 663.036 :M
0 G
f3_12 sf
(\302)S
gR
gR
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
443 269 29 21 rF
0 G
443.5 269.5 28 20 rS
444 274 25 12 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
1014.464 622.537 :T
-1014.464 -622.537 :T
992.464 618.537 :M
f3_12 sf
-.2(RANGE:)A
1005.815 634.112 :M
.498 0 rm
(else)S
gR
gR
0 G
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
493 273.5 :M
499.659 269.162 503 267 503 267 :C
503 267 506.159 269.162 512.5 273.5 :C
518.826 277.829 522 280 522 280 :C
522 280 518.826 282.162 512.5 286.5 :C
506.159 290.829 503 293 503 293 :C
503 293 499.659 290.829 493 286.5 :C
486.326 282.162 483 280 483 280 :C
483 280 486.326 277.829 493 273.5 :C
:K
stroke
488 270 32 19 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
1120.177 622.862 :T
-1120.177 -622.862 :T
1108.177 611.862 :M
.501 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(Tell_)S
1092.6 625.212 :M
.496 0 rm
(Nurse_Of_)S
1101.501 638.562 :M
0 0 rm
(Factors)S
gR
gR
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
np 483 280 :M
478 282 :L
480 280 :L
478 277 :L
483 280 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
480 280 472 280 :r
[] 0 :q
472 280 :M
psb
pse
:e
0 G
np 503 307 :M
500 302 :L
503 303 :L
505 302 :L
503 307 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
503 303 503 294 :r
[] 0 :q
503 294 :M
psb
pse
:e
0 G
np 511 107 :M
506 109 :L
507 107 :L
506 104 :L
511 107 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
507 107 487 107 :r
[] 0 :q
487 107 :M
psb
pse
:e
1 G
495 231 34 20 rF
0 G
495.5 231.5 33 19 rS
497 235 32 13 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
1141.304 537.989 :T
-1141.304 -537.989 :T
1119.304 533.989 :M
f3_12 sf
-.2(RANGE:)A
1128.205 547.339 :M
.162 0 rm
(safe)S
gR
gR
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
511.5 223 :M
527.826 223 536 223 536 223 :C
536 223 536 242.495 536 281.5 :C
536 320.496 536 340 536 340 :C
536 340 517.493 340 480.5 340 :C
443.492 340 425 340 425 340 :C
425 340 425 325.662 425 297 :C
425 268.329 425 254 425 254 :C
425 254 435.326 254 456 254 :C
476.66 254 487 254 487 254 :C
487 254 487 248.83 487 238.5 :C
487 228.163 487 223 487 223 :C
487 223 495.159 223 511.5 223 :C
:K
stroke
np 472 227 :M
473 221 :L
474 223 :L
476 224 :L
472 227 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
474 223 498 196 :r
[] 0 :q
498 196 :M
psb
pse
[4 3 ] 0 :q
487 225 471 233 :r
[] 0 :q
471 233 :M
psb
pse
[4 3 ] 0 :q
495 233 487 225 :r
[] 0 :q
487 225 :M
psb
pse
[4 3 ] 0 :q
473 257 454 247 :r
[] 0 :q
454 247 :M
psb
pse
[4 3 ] 0 :q
464 269 473 258 :r
[] 0 :q
473 258 :M
psb
pse
:e
490 238 9 7 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
1099.375 536.664 :T
-1099.375 -536.664 :T
1090.375 540.664 :M
0 G
f3_12 sf
(\302)S
gR
gR
gS 342 80 219 8 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
1003.471 186.121 :T
-1003.471 -186.121 :T
834.471 189.121 :M
.659 0 rm
f3_14 sf
( )S
f4_14 sf
(SYS )S
872.3 189.121 :M
f3_14 sf
-.422(pms )A
910.129 189.121 :M
f4_14 sf
-.067(VP )A
f3_14 sf
-.053(tester )A
f4_14 sf
-.101(LANG)A
f3_14 sf
-.067( Rnet R-Spec-Graph:)A
gR
gR
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
353.5 101.5 :M
358.495 98.498 361 97 361 97 :C
361 97 363.661 98.498 369 101.5 :C
374.328 104.498 377 106 377 106 :C
377 106 374.328 107.498 369 110.5 :C
363.661 113.498 361 115 361 115 :C
361 115 358.495 113.498 353.5 110.5 :C
348.495 107.498 346 106 346 106 :C
346 106 348.495 104.498 353.5 101.5 :C
:K
stroke
351 104 21 6 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
804.191 237.295 :T
-804.191 -237.295 :T
792.191 240.295 :M
.332 0 rm
f3_12 sf
(Start)S
gR
gR
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
np 390 106 :M
384 109 :L
386 106 :L
384 104 :L
390 106 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
386 106 376 106 :r
[] 0 :q
376 106 :M
psb
pse
:e
337 204 8 9 rC
gS
.449 .449 scale
759.136 462.24 :T
-759.136 -462.24 :T
752.136 467.24 :M
0 G
f4_18 sf
(\302)S
gR
gR
gS 334 72 231 289 rC
np 510 186 :M
504 183 :L
507 183 :L
508 180 :L
510 186 :L
eofill
:a
0 fg bk :b
[4 3 ] 0 :q
507 183 489 162 :r
[] 0 :q
489 162 :M
psb
pse
gR
gS 31 31 552 730 rC
319 375 :M
f3_9 sf
-.162(MESSAGE < DATA.)A
423 375 :M
-.157(TYPE_MESSAGE < ATTRIBUTE.)A
423 385 :M
-.221(RANGE < ATTRIBUTE.)A
200 402 :M
f0_12 sf
-.156(\(a\))A
438 402 :M
(\(b\))S
91 426 :M
1.02 .102(Figure 10. )J
f1_12 sf
2.245 .224(Tester\325s Originating and Translated Requirements Network Diagram.)J
endp
%%Trailer
end % md
%%EOF